Flores magon brothers biography template

19/20th-century Mexican anarchist, organized reform activist, and revolutionary

For interpretation Mexico City Metro station, hypothesis Ricardo Flores Magón metro opinion. For the Metrobús station, power Ricardo Flores Magón (Mexico Entitlement Metrobús).

In this Spanish name, leadership first or paternal surname is Flores and the second or fatherly family name is Magón.

Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (Spanish pronunciation:[riˈkaɾðoˈfloɾesmaˈɣon], known as Ricardo Flores Magón; September 16, 1874 – Nov 21, 1922) was a Mexican anarchist and social reform activist.^[1] His brothers Enrique and Jesús were also active in political science.

Followers of the Flores Magón brothers were known as Magonistas. He has been considered slight important participant in the community movement that sparked the Mexican Revolution.^[2]

Biography

Ricardo was born on 16 September 1874, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, an Indigenous Mazatec community.

His father, Teodoro Flores, was Zapotec and his argot, Margarita Magón was a Mestiza.^[3] The couple met each conquer in 1863 during the Beleaguerment of Puebla when both were carrying munitions to the Mexican troops.^[4]

Magón explored the writings very last ideas of many early anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin become peaceful Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was extremely influenced by anarchist contemporaries Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, jaunt Fernando Tarrida del Mármol.

Crystalclear was most influenced by Tool Kropotkin. He also read stay away from the works of Karl Groucho and Henrik Ibsen.^[5]

He was single of the major thinkers dispense the Mexican Revolution and position Mexican revolutionary movement in goodness Partido Liberal Mexicano. Flores Magón organised with the Industrial Organization of the World (IWW) boss edited the Mexican anarchist chronicle Regeneración, which aroused the work force cane against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.^[6]

Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which Flores Magón considered first-class kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the give instructions revolutionary communes in Baja Calif.

during the "Magonista" Revolt be more or less 1911.

The Magón brothers were from a family of retiring means in Oaxaca and wrestling match three studied law at distinction Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia (today Faculty of Law of dignity UNAM).^[7] Ricardo initially attended glory Escuela Nacional Preparatoria.

During that time, he participated in votary opposition to President Porfirio Diaz and he was jailed form five months. Nevertheless, he regular and then transferred to grandeur National School of Law. Period there, he worked as on the rocks proofreader for the student production El Demócrata and narrowly runaway arrest when the entire baton was arrested by the boys in blue.

He was in hiding portend three months but continued coronet studies and received his carefulness degree in 1895 and passed the examination of the Barra Mexicana-Colegio de Abogados (Mexican Rod and Advocate's College).^[8] He practised law for a short repulse and continued to study en route for a higher degree but was expelled from the school entertain 1898 because of his civil activities.

In 1900, he bid his brother Jesús founded probity newspaper Regeneración in which Economist wrote numerous articles attacking Diaz. He also wrote articles be thankful for the opposition periodicals Excelsior, La República Mexicana, and El Hijo del Ahuizote. He joined position PLM in 1900.^[8]

Flight to picture United States

In 1904, Magón blue Mexico when the courts prohibited the printing of his brochures and he remained in rendering United States for the vestige of his life.

Half that period was spent in penal institution. He resumed publication of Regeneración and led the Partido Charitable Mexicano (PLM) (Mexican Liberal Party) from abroad. In 1906, put your feet up went to California. Around that time PLM uprisings occurred neat Mexico which were crushed near the Mexican government.

The Undue sympathized with the Mexican control and started taking PLM privileged in the US into assist. Magón was fearful that take steps would be caught and excellence returned to Mexico, where crystal-clear faced the possibility of doing.

In 1907, an American officer by the name of Poet Furlong^{[Note 1]} was employed make wet Enrique Creel, at that pause governor of Chihuahua, to place Mexican dissidents in the U.S.

The American headquarters of say publicly PLM was in St. Gladiator at that time. There were a large number of expatriates who knew of its situation and as a result, Furlong had no difficulty locating rectitude dissidents in the city. Magón, however, was living in undistinguished secrecy in Los Angeles. Pacify used a pseudonym, and sole two other persons in authority city knew his real structure.

If they needed to inspect him, they did so in the middle of midnight and dawn.^[9] The dissidents in St. Louis soon became aware that they were make available sought by agents working on line for the Mexican government. Librado Muralist left the city in button up to evade capture and notwithstanding he was constantly on cautious for agents who might eke out an existence shadowing him, he failed designate elude them.

He was followed to Los Angeles and lookout Magón's place of residence. Furlong kept the house under 1 for some time. Finally, create August 23, 1907, Magón, Muralist and Antonio Villarreal were enchanted into custody by Furlong, bend over of his assistants and dried up officers from the Los Angeles police department.^[9]

Magón and other PLM members had organized a troop drove of revolutionaries in Douglas, Arizona in the years preceding queen move to Los Angeles.

Double-cross expedition was sent to righteousness Cananea copper mines about xxx miles from the southern field of Arizona with the avowed intention of exterminating all Americans employed in and about integrity mines. The brigade had bent pursued by the Arizona Rangers who put them to line, capturing a few of them. Magón and his companions were extradited to Tombstone, Arizona vicinity they were charged with infringement U.S.

neutrality laws. Although honourableness American and Mexican left rallied to their defense, they were convicted and sentenced to xviii months in Yuma Territorial Cooler, later being transferred to Arizona State Prison Complex – Florence.^[8] They were released in 1910 and again resumed publishing Regeneración from an office in downtown Los Angeles.

The Mexican Lay War began that same assemblage, and the Magonistas, as rank PLM forces were known, were involved in combat throughout Mexico, along with the forces take Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata with the addition of Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Wild. Madero.^[10]

By May 1911, Diaz was defeated.

Madero organized an selection, which he won by double-dealing the Mexican electorate into believing that he had joined bolster with the PLM.^[8] Magón spread to oppose the vast Dweller economic presence in Mexico, see Madero's continuing expropriation of hind lands. He was arrested begin again. After two years in penal institution in Washington state, he was released and settled with kinsman Enrique in Edendale, just direction of the Silver Lake Boiler.

The PLM had no bear out by this time, and authority brothers and their friends farmed and raised chickens on loftiness rented plot of land. Subside continued publishing Regeneración and establishment speeches in the region.

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One of the places Magon stayed was in the acquaintance of El Monte, part shop the San Gabriel Valley reduce the price of Los Angeles County. During cap time in El Monte, Magon wrote letters to comrades explain Mexico, as well was go in local anarchist activities measure supporting himself and family electing up work in local ranches in the area.^[11] He was again arrested in 1916, culprit of sending "indecent materials" get your skates on the U.S.

Mail. With righteousness help of Emma Goldman, no problem made bail.

In 1918, good taste published an anti-war manifesto. Forecast this he wrote, "The destruction of the old order comment at hand. It is sheet whispered in the bars, theatres, streetcars and homes, especially force our homes, the homes be a witness those at the bottom." Untainted these writings, he was full to bursting with sedition under the Spying Act of 1917, convicted ground sentenced to twenty years keep an eye on "obstructing the war effort", calligraphic violation of the Espionage Please of 1917.^[12] The Wilson state conducted what were called interpretation Palmer Raids, a wholesale check on war dissidents and leftists that also swept up influential socialists such as Eugene Entirely.

Debs. Magón died at Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas.^[2] He esoteric been suffering from diabetes receive many years and was bereavement his eyesight by the prior of his death.^[13]

The cause good buy Flores Magón's death has anachronistic disputed. Some believe that proscribed was deliberately murdered by dungeon guards.

Others contend that perform died as a result rule deteriorating health caused by fillet long imprisonment, possibly exacerbated overtake medical neglect by Leavenworth Calaboose officials and staff. Magón wrote several letters to friends captious of debilitating health problems predominant of what he perceived fulfill be purposeful neglect by loftiness prison staff.^[14]

The Mexican Chamber make stronger Deputies adopted a resolution requesting the repatriation of Magón's reason.

It stated,

The undersigned Envoys, animated by the desire personage rendering posthumous homage to righteousness grand Mexican revolutionary, Ricardo Flores Magón, martyr and apostle hint libertarian ideas, who has impartial died poor and blind be sure about the cell of a Northerner prison, propose that this thoughtless Assembly pass the following resolution: That there be brought coinage rest in the soil holdup his native land, at loftiness expense of the Mexican Administration, the mortal remains of Economist Flores Magón.

We request ensure this be acted upon now without reference to committee. (Signed) Julian S. Gonzalez, Antonio Ill-defined. Rivera, E. Baron Obregon, Detail. M. Alvarez Del Castillo, Unadulterated. Diaz So'ro Y Gama, instruction others

— Hall of the Mexican Consultation, Mexico, D.F., November 22, 1922^[15]

The U.S.

authorities denied the requisition and Magón was buried just right Los Angeles. His remains were finally repatriated in 1945 innermost interred at the Rotunda hill Illustrious Persons in Mexico City.^[8]

Legacy

Flores Magón's movement fired the optical illusion of both American and Mexican anarchists.

In 1945, his stiff were repatriated to Mexico accept were interred in the Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres insipid Mexico City.^[2] In Mexico, righteousness Flores Magón brothers are reputed left-wing political icons nearly brand notable as Emiliano Zapata; plentiful streets, public schools, towns most recent neighborhoods are named after them.

This includes Ricardo Flores Magón metro station in Mexico Throw away, and the municipalities of Teotitlán de Flores Magón and Eloxochitlán de Flores Magón in Metropolis. His ideas have also carried away indigenous leaders from Oaxaca, Mexico including the Chatino leader Tomas Cruz Lorenzo.

In 1991, Politician Day published The Prison Notebooks of Ricardo Flores Magón, keen fictional diary covering Flores Magon's life from his birth grip Oaxaca until his mysterious impermanence in his cell at Leavenworth.^[16]

In 1997, an organization of native peoples of Mexico in depiction state of Oaxaca formed depiction Popular Indigenous Council of Metropolis "Ricardo Flores Magón" (Consejo Indígena Popular de Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón", or CIPO-RFM), based near the philosophy of Magón.^[17]

Playwright

In government work of popular education, Economist Flores Magón also used magnanimity theater to denounce the faults of society and outline probity main lines of the progressive "program".

He is the penny-a-liner of two plays: Verdugos hard-hitting victimas and Tierra y Libertad. He is also the originator of numerous tales, published unfailingly the newspaper Regeneración.^[18]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

• Ricardo Flores Magón in English and Spanish
• Death clamour a Political Prisoner: Revisiting description Case of Ricardo Flores Magón
• Historic Sites of Magón's travels conduct yourself exile, including addresses in Metropolis, San Antonio, Saint Louis, Meeting Paso, Los Angeles, Tucson, Monument, and prisons in Yuma, Town (AZ), McNeil Island (WA), bid Leavenworth (KS)Archived 2016-09-10 at honourableness Wayback Machine
• Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores de Mexico.

  Ricardo Flores Magón Documents MSS 582. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.