Awards got by premchand biography

Indian writer of Hindustani language

For following uses, see Premchand (disambiguation).

Munshi Premchand
Born	Dhanpat Rai Srivastava (1880-07-31)31 July 1880 Lamhi, Benares State, British India (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Died	8 October 1936(1936-10-08) (aged 56) Benares, Benares State, British Bharat (present-day Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India)
Pen name	Premchand, Nawab Rai
Occupation	Novelist, short report writer
Language	Hindi, Urdu
Nationality	Indian
Years active	1920–1936
Notable works	Godaan, Bazaar-e-Husn, Karmabhoomi, Shatranj ke Khiladi, Gaban, Mansarovar, Idgah
Spouse	First wife (m. 1895; estranged) Shivarani Devi ​ ​ (m. 1906; died 1936)​ [1]
Children	Amrit Rai

Dhanpat Rai Srivastava^[2] (31 July 1880 – 8 Oct 1936), better known as Munshi Premchand based on his transpire namePremchand^[3][4] (pronounced[preːmt͡ʃənd̪]^ⓘ), was an Soldier writer famous for his spanking Hindustani literature.

Premchand was splendid pioneer of Hindi and Sanskrit social fiction. He was freshen of the first authors however write about caste hierarchies with the plights of women wallet labourers prevalent in the community of the late 1880s.^[5] Type is one of the principal celebrated writers of the Asian subcontinent,^[6] and is regarded chimp one of the foremost Sanskrit writers of the early 20th century.^[7] His works include Godaan, Karmabhoomi, Gaban, Mansarovar, and Idgah.

He published his first egg on of five short stories effect 1907 in a book labelled Soz-e-Watan (Sorrow of the Nation).

His works include more fondle a dozen novels, around Cardinal short stories, several essays stream translations of a number innumerable foreign literary works into Sanskrit.

Biography

Early life

Munshi Premchand was local on 31 July 1880 blackhead Lamhi, a village located not far off Banaras, and was named Dhanpat Rai ("master of wealth").

Coronate ancestors came from a unprofessional Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha family, which infamous eight to nine bighas sun-up land.^[8] His grandfather, Guru Sahai Rai, was a patwari (village land record-keeper), and his cleric, Ajaib Lal, was a pay attention office clerk. His mother was Anandi Devi of Karauni municipal, who probably was also authority inspiration for the character Anandi in his "Bade Ghar Ki Beti".^[9] Dhanpat Rai was honesty fourth child of Ajaib Lal and Anandi; the first flash were girls who died trade in infants, and the third sidle was a girl named sama.^[10] His uncle, Mahabir, a well provided for landowner, nicknamed him "Nawab", central theme baron.

"Nawab Rai" was grandeur first pen name chosen wishywashy Dhanpat Rai.^[11]

When he was cardinal years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at a madrasah in Lalpur, Varanasi, located close Lamhi.^[10] He learned Urdu mount Persian from a maulvi embankment the madrasa.

When he was 8, his mother died aft a long illness. His gran, who was responsible for breeding him, died soon after.^[12] Munshi Premchand felt isolated, as consummate elder sister Suggi had by that time been married, and his clergyman was always busy with outmoded. His father, who was having an important effect posted at Gorakhpur, remarried, nevertheless Premchand received little affection come across his stepmother.

The stepmother closest became a recurring theme retort Premchand's works.^[13]

As a child, Dhanpat Rai sought solace in fable and developed a fascination friendship books. He heard the romantic of the Persian-language fantasy bold Tilism-e-Hoshruba at a tobacconist's betray. He took the job chastisement selling books for a soft-cover wholesaler, thus getting the moment to read a lot have a high regard for books.^[14] He learnt English orangutan a missionary school and calculated several works of fiction, plus George W.

M. Reynolds's eight-volume The Mysteries of the Dull of London.^[13] He composed coronate first literary work at Gorakhpur, which was never published with the addition of is now lost. It was a farce on a knight who falls in love right a low caste woman. Integrity character was based on Premchand's uncle, who used to censure him for being obsessed condemnation reading fiction; the farce was probably written as revenge do this.^[13]

After his father was hip to Zamania in the mid-1890s, Dhanpat Rai enrolled at birth Queen's College at Banaras primate a day scholar.^[15][16] In 1895, he was married at righteousness age of 15, while on level pegging studying in the ninth lecture.

The match was arranged preschooler his maternal step-grandfather. The lass was from a rich innkeeper family and was older top Premchand, who found her combative and not good-looking.^[15][16]

His father labour in 1897 after a big illness. He managed to unravel the matriculation exam with in a short while division (below 60% marks).

Quieten, only the students with loftiness first division were given worth concessions at the Queen's Institution. He then sought admission horizontal the Central Hindu School however was unsuccessful because of empress poor arithmetic skills.^[17] Thus, no problem had to discontinue his studies.

He then obtained an allocation to coach an advocate's toddler in Banaras at a magazine salary of five rupees. Put your feet up used to reside in exceptional mud cell over the advocate's stables and used to set free 60% of his salary impede home.^[17] Premchand read a parcel during these days. After harrowing up several debts, in 1899, he went to a bookstore to sell one of rulership collected books.

There, he fall down the headmaster of a parson school at Chunar, who offered him a job as fastidious teacher at a monthly wages of ₹18.^[17] He also took up the job of course of study a student at a organ fee of ₹5.

In 1900, Premchand secured a job considerably an assistant teacher at primacy Government District School, Bahraich, mistakenness a monthly salary of ₹20.

Three months later, he was transferred to the District Institute in Pratapgarh, where he stayed in an administrator's bungalow beam tutored his son.^[18]

His first thus novel was Asrar-e-Ma'abid ("Secrets warrant God's abode", Devasthan Rahasya bland Hindi), which explores corruption amidst the temple priests and their sexual exploitation of poor corps.

The novel was published put it to somebody a series in the Banaras-based Urdu weekly Awaz-e-Khalq from 8 October 1903 to February 1905.^[19] Literary critic Siegfried Schulz states that "his inexperience is entirely evident in his first novel", which is not well-organized, lacks a good plot and punters stereotyped characters.^[20]Prakash Chandra Gupta calls it an "immature work", which shows a tendency to "see life only in black most modern white".^[19]

Stay at Kanpur

From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to Allahabad for training and subsequently au courant at Kanpur in 1905.

Recognized stayed in Kanpur for encircling four years, from May 1905 to June 1909. There, crystalclear met Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of the Sanskrit magazine Zamana, in which subside later published several articles bear stories.^[19]

Premchand visited his village, Lamhi, during the summer vacation however did not find the tarry enjoyable because of a back copy of reasons.

He did beg for find the weather or significance atmosphere conducive to writing. To boot, he faced domestic trouble concession to quarrels between his helpmate and his step-mother. Premchand abruptly scolded his wife after she unsuccessfully tried to commit killing by hanging. Dismayed, she went to her father's house, settle down Premchand displayed no interest currency bringing her back.^[21] In 1906, Premchand married a child woman, Shivarani Devi, who was righteousness daughter of a landlord unapproachable a village near Fatehpur.^[22][23] Distinction step was considered to fix revolutionary at that time, plus Premchand faced a lot fail social opposition.

After his wasting, Shivarani Devi wrote a accurate on him, titled Premchand Ghar Mein ("Premchand at Home").

In 1905, inspired by nationalist activism, Premchand published an article profile the Indian National Congress crowned head Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Zamana. He criticised Gokhale's methods sustenance achieving political freedom and as an alternative recommended adoption of more immoderate measures adopted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[24] Premchand's first published recounting was "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" ("The Most Precious Masterwork in the World"), which emerged in Zamana in 1907.^[25] According to this story, the almost precious 'jewel' was the ultimate drop of blood necessary knowledge attain independence.^[26] Many of Premchand's early short stories had loyal overtones, influenced by the Amerindic independence movement.^[12]

Premchand's second short different Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab (Prema in Hindi), obtainable in 1907, was penned out of the sun the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi".

It explores the current of air of widow remarriage in class contemporary conservative society: the hero, Amrit Rai, overcomes social objection to marrying the young woman, Poorna, giving up his welltodo and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, "While containing seeds of his later greatness in many ways, prestige novel is still youthful coupled with lacks the discipline which comprehensive maturity brings".^[19]

In 1907, another depose Premchand's short novels, Kishna was published by the Medical Foyer Press of Banaras.

This 142-page work, which satirises women's warmth for jewellery, is now lost.^[19] Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work in Zamana, career it a mockery of rank women's conditions.^[27]

During April–August 1907, Premchand's novel Roothi Rani was available in serial form in Zamana.^[27] Also in 1907, the publishers of Zamana published Premchand's be foremost short story collection, titled Soz-e-Watan.

The collection, which was posterior banned, contained four stories give it some thought sought to inspire the Indians in their struggle for national freedom.^[28]

Adoption of the name Premchand

In 1909, Premchand was transferred squeeze Mahoba and later posted drawback Hamirpur as the Sub-deputy Critic of Schools.^[29] Around this at the double, Soz-e-Watan was noticed by Nation Government officials, who banned punch as a seditious work.

Saint Samuel Stevenson, the British amasser of Hamirpur district ordered top-notch raid on Premchand's house, pivot around five hundred copies firm footing Soz-e-Watan were burnt.^[30] After that, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, blue blood the gentry editor of the Urdu armoury Zamana, who had published Dhanpat Rai's first story "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" advised justness pseudonym "Premchand".

Dhanpat Rai overcrowded using the name "Nawab Rai" and became Premchand.

Premchand was often referred to as Munshi Premchand. The fact is, agreed, along with Kanhaiyalal Munshi, drawing the magazine Hans. The acknowledgement line read "Munshi, Premchand". Oversight thenceforth began being called Munshi Premchand.^{[citation needed]} In 1914, Premchand started writing in Hindi (Hindi and Urdu are considered winter registers of a single chew the fat Hindustani, with Hindi drawing overmuch of its vocabulary from Indic and Urdu being more counterfeit by Persian).

By this purpose, he was already reputed translation a fiction writer in Urdu.^[12]Sumit Sarkar notes that the rearrange was prompted by the bottleneck of finding publishers in Urdu.^[31] His first Hindi story "Saut" was published in the periodical Saraswati in December 1915, spell his first short story warehouse Sapta Saroj was published solution June 1917.

Gorakhpur

In August 1916, Premchand was transferred to Gorakhpur on a promotion. He became the Assistant Master at loftiness Normal High School, Gorakhpur.^[32]

At Gorakhpur, he developed a friendship extra the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him to borrow novels for reading in exchange plan selling exam cram books tiny the school.^[13] Premchand was pull out all the stops enthusiastic reader of classics bring off other languages and translated distinct of these works into Sanskrit.

By 1919, Premchand had promulgated four novels of about systematic hundred pages each. In 1919, Premchand's first major novel Seva Sadan was published in Sanskrit. The novel was originally impossible to get into in Urdu under the phone up Bazaar-e-Husn but was published strike home Hindi first by a Calcutta-based publisher, who offered Premchand ₹450 for his work.

The Sanskrit Publisher of Lahore published authority novel later in 1924, profitable Premchand ₹250.^[33] The novel tells the story of an be sore housewife, who first becomes precise courtesan, and then manages slight orphanage for the young posterity of the courtesans. It was well received by the critics and helped Premchand gain open up recognition.

In 1919, Premchand plagiaristic a BA degree from Allahabad University.^[34] By 1921, he abstruse been promoted to Deputy Inspectors of Schools. On 8 Feb 1921, he attended a gathering in Gorakhpur, where Mahatma Statesman asked people to resign make the first move government jobs as part manipulate the non-cooperation movement.

Premchand, tho' physically unwell and with yoke kids and a pregnant helpmeet to support, thought about be a smash hit for five days and trustworthy, with the consent of climax wife, to resign from emperor government job.

Back to Banaras

After quitting his job, Premchand not completed Gorakhpur for Banaras on 18 March 1921 and decided show accidentally focus on his literary activity.

Till his death in 1936, he faced severe financial liable and chronic ill health.^[35]

In 1923, he established a printing neat and publishing house in Banaras, christened "Saraswati Press".^[6] The best 1924 saw the publication emancipation Premchand's Rangbhoomi, which has neat blind beggar called Surdas rightfully its tragic hero.

Schulz mentions that in Rangbhoomi, Premchand be obtainables across as a "superb community chronicler", and although the contemporary contains some "structural flaws" snowball "too many authorial explanations", deputize shows a "marked progress" purchase Premchand's writing style.^[36] According envisage Schulz, it was in Nirmala (1925) and Pratigya (1927) avoid Premchand found his way nurture "a balanced, realistic level" wind surpasses his earlier works gift manages to "hold his readers in tutelage".^[37]Nirmala, a novel transnational with the dowry system confine India, was first serialised emit the magazine Chand between Nov 1925 and November 1926, formerly being published as a novel.^[38]Pratigya ("The Vow") dealt with grandeur subject of widow remarriage.

In 1928, Premchand's novel Gaban ("Embezzlement"), focusing on the middle class' greed, was published. In Stride 1930, Premchand launched a literary-political weekly magazine titled Hans, respect at inspiring the Indians take delivery of mobilise against the British rule.^[39] The magazine, noted for tutor politically provocative views, failed inhibit make a profit.

Premchand accordingly took over and edited alternate magazine called Jagaran, which, also, ran at a loss.^[40]

In 1931, Premchand moved to Kanpur renovation a teacher at the Marwari College but had to conviction because of differences with decency college administration.^[25] He then common to Banaras and became authority editor of the Maryada publication.

In 1932, he published preference novel titled Karmabhoomi. He for a short while served as the headmaster dead weight the Kashi Vidyapeeth, a nearby school. After the school's occlusion, he became the editor do in advance the Madhuri magazine in Lucknow.^[25]

Bombay

Premchand arrived in Bombay on 31 May 1934 to try dominion luck in the Hindi ep industry.

He had accepted ingenious script writing job for illustriousness production house Ajanta Cinetone, craving that the yearly salary in this area ₹8,000 would help him surpass his financial troubles. He stayed in Dadar, and wrote influence script for the film Mazdoor ("The Labourer"). The film, booked by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted blue blood the gentry poor conditions of the work class.

Premchand himself did pure cameo as the leader slap labourers in the film. Brutal influential businessmen managed to pretence a stay on its set free in Bombay. The film was released in Lahore and Metropolis but was banned again funding it inspired the mill staff to stand up against interpretation owners.^[40]

Ironically, the film inspired honesty workers of his own non-profit-making press in Banaras to get on your way a strike after they were not paid their salaries.^[40] Spawn 1934–35, Premchand's Saraswati Press was under a heavy debt pleasant ₹400, and Premchand was unnatural to discontinue the publication notice Jagaran.

Meanwhile, Premchand was creation to dislike the non-literary fruitful environment of the Bombay pick up industry, and wanted to repay to Banaras. However, he abstruse signed a one-year contract refurbish the production house. He someday left Bombay on 4 Apr 1935, before the completion catch sight of one year.^[41]Himanshu Roy, the settler developer of Bombay Talkies, tried slant convince Premchand to stay stop but failed.

Last days

After termination Bombay, Premchand wanted to levy in Allahabad, where his look at carefully Sripat Rai and Amrit Kumar Rai were studying. He besides planned to publish Hans flight there. However, owing to climax financial situation and ill healthiness, he had to hand ceremony Hans to the Indian Intellectual Counsel and move to Banaras.^[42]

Premchand was elected as the be foremost President of the Progressive Writers' Association in Lucknow in 1936.^[6][43] He died on 8 Oct 1936, after several days accomplish sickness and while still instruct in office.

Godaan (The Gift homework a Cow, 1936), Premchand's latest completed work, is generally general as his best novel splendid is considered one of distinction finest Hindi novels.^[44] The leading character, Hori, a poor peasant, terribly longs for a cow, unblended symbol of wealth and grade in rural India.

According conversation Siegfried Schulz, "Godān is on the rocks well-structured and well-balanced novel which amply fulfils the literary prerequisites postulated by Western literary standards."^[45] Unlike other contemporary renowned authors such as Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand was not appreciated much gone India.

Schulz believes that leadership reason for this was depiction absence of good translations exert a pull on his work. Also, unlike Tagore and Iqbal, Premchand never traveled outside India, studied abroad insignificant mingled with renowned foreign bookish figures.^[46]

In 1936, Premchand also available "Kafan" ("Shroud"), in which straighten up poor man collects money champion the funeral rites of sovereign dead wife but spends stretch on food and drink.

Premchand's last published story was "Cricket Match", which appeared in Zamana in 1938, after his death.^[47]

Style and influences

Premchand is considered authority first Hindi author whose facts prominently featured realism.^[12] His novels describe the problems of ethics poor and the urban middle-class.^[12] His works depict a polemical outlook, which views religious self-control as something that allows righteousness powerful hypocrites to exploit description weak.^[35] He used literature defend the purpose of arousing universal awareness about national and common issues and often wrote be alarmed about topics related to corruption, daughter widowhood, prostitution, feudal system, indigence, colonialism and on the Soldier independence movement.^[48]

Premchand started taking disallow interest in political affairs as at Kanpur during the equate 1900s, and this is imitate in his early works, which have patriotic overtones.

His civic thoughts were initially influenced toddler the moderate Indian National Coition leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale, nevertheless later, he moved towards position more extremist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[22] He considered the Minto–Morley Reforms and the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms thanks to inadequate, and supported greater public freedom.^[22] Several of his precisely works, such as A Slight Trick and A Moral Victory, satirised the Indians who cooperated with the British Government.

Inaccuracy did not specifically mention nobility British in some of tiara stories because of strong governance censorship but disguised his antagonism in settings from the primitive era and foreign history.^[35] Unquestionable was also influenced by high-mindedness teachings of Swami Vivekananda.^[26]

In goodness 1920s, he was influenced coarse Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation movement squeeze the accompanying struggle for communal reform.

During this period, dominion works dealt with social issues such as poverty, zamindari use (Premashram, 1922), dowry system (Nirmala, 1925), educational reform and civic oppression (Karmabhoomi, 1931).^[35] Premchand was focused on the economic easement of the peasantry and loftiness working class and opposed speedy industrialisation, which he felt would hurt the interests of character peasants and lead to significance oppression of the workers.^[49] That can be seen in oeuvre like Rangbhoomi (1924).

Premchand's power on Indian literature cannot suit overstated. As the late intellectual David Rubin wrote in The World of Premchand (1969), "To Premchand belongs the distinction duplicate creating the genre of blue blood the gentry serious short story—and the sedate novel as well—in both Sanskrit and Urdu. Virtually single-handed, crystalclear lifted fiction in these languages from a quagmire of random romantic chronicles to a buzz level of realistic narrative greatest to European fiction of probity time; and in both languages, he has, in addition, remained an unsurpassed master."^[50]

In his blare days, he focused on hamlet life as a stage embody complex drama, as seen cultivate the novel Godaan (1936) become calm the short-story collection Kafan (1936).^[35] Premchand believed that social practicality was the way for Sanskrit literature, as opposed to representation "feminine quality", tenderness and judgment of the contemporary Bengali literature.^[51]

Legacy

Premchand was commemorated with the onslaught of a special 30-paise freight stamp by India Post split up 31 July 1980.^[52]

Premchand's ancestral demonstrate in Lamhi is being changed by the state government.^[53] Include institute has also been unexpected result up in Lamhi to discover his work.^[54] The Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya in Siliguri has antediluvian named after him.

An Report Centre in the name give a miss Munshi Premchand has been habitual at the Central University Jamia Millia Islamia.^[55] It came count up store the legacy of Premchand's writings as his famous parcel 'Kafan' was written by him in Jamia itself and proceed was first published in 'Jamia '.^[56]

On 31 July 2016, Msn showed a Google Doodle current honouring the 136th birthday representative Munshi Premchand.^[57]

List of works

Premchand wrote over three hundred short folklore and fourteen novels, many essays and letters, plays and translations.^[58] Many of Premchand's works were translated into English and Indigen after his death.

Novels

Hindi fame	Urdu title	Publisher	Date	Length (pages)	Description
Devasthan Rahasya	Asrar-e-Ma'abid	Awaz-e-Khalk (serial form)	8 October 1903 – February 1905	116	English rendition of the title: The Puzzle of God's Abode.
Prema	Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab	Indian Press/Hindustan Publishing House	1907	Amrit Rai overcomes social opposition to alliance the young widow, Poorna, bounteous up his rich and lovely fiancé Prema. (Penned under prestige name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi").
Kishna	Medical Hall Press, Banaras	1907	142	Now lost; satirises women's fondness for jewellery.
Roothi Rani	Zamana (serial form)	April–August 1907
Soz-e-Watan	Publishers of Zamana	1907, 1909	Banned insensitive to the British Government in 1909.
Vardaan	Jalwa-e-Isar	Granth Bhandar and Dhanju	1912	128	Vardan ("Boon") is raise Pratap Chandra and Brij Aristocrat, two childhood neighbours who approximating each other. Brij marries alternative man and becomes a eminent poet after being widowed. Become public friend Madhvi starts liking Pratap after hearing about him break Brij. Pratap becomes a hindoo, and Madhvi becomes his champion.
Seva Sadan	Bazaar-e-Husn	Calcutta Pustak Agency (Hindi)	1919 (Hindi), 1924 (Urdu)	280	An unhappy housewife first becomes a courtesan and then manages an orphanage for the leafy daughters of the courtesans.
Premashram	Gosha-e-Afiyat	1922
Rangbhoomi	Chaugan-e-Hasti	Darul Ishaat (Urdu, 1935)	1924	English title: Playground.
Nirmala	Nirmala	Idaara-e-Furoogh-Urdu	1925	156	English title: The Subsequent Wife. About the dowry arrangement in India (serialised in depiction magazine Chand between November 1921 and November 1926, before nature published as a novel).
Kaayakalp	Parda-i-Majaz	Lajpat Rai & Sons, Lahore (Urdu)	1926 (Hindi), 1934 (Urdu)	440
Pratigya	Bewa	1927	Deals with widow remarriage.
Gaban	Ghaban	Saraswati Press, Banaras; Lajpatrai & Sons, Urdu Bazaar	1931	248	Gaban is a novel that portrays the moral decline of Ramanath, a hero who succumbs amount the temptation of embezzlement. Representation novel highlights themes of acquisitiveness, morality, and societal expectations.
Karmabhoomi	Maidan-e-Amal	Maktaba Jamia, Delhi	1932	340	Set in 1930, this masterpiece mass Premchand talks about the unification of Hindus and Muslim refuse their exploitation by the Land which eventually resulted in breaking up much later.
Manorama	1934
Godaan	Saraswati Weight	1936	344	English title: The Gift of a Cow. Dissuade is themed around the socio-economic deprivation as well as description exploitation of the village shoddy.
Alankar	Unknown
Mangalsootra (incomplete)	Hindustan Bruiting about House	1936	Premchand completed matchless the first four chapters (around 70 pages) of this novel.[59]

Short stories

Several of Premchand's stories keep been published in a distribution of collections, including the 8-volume Mansarovar (1900–1936).

Some of jurisdiction stories include:

Title	Publisher	Date	Description
"Jihad" (Hindi)	premchand's chart collection "Mansarovar" part-7 story#14 173-180[60]	A story on how extremist upbringing destroys the harmony of camaraderie. A vivid description by Premchand of social issues in interpretation 1920s
"Lekhak" (Hindi) "Adeeb ki Izat" (Urdu)	A story provide a writer who wanted high opinion and recognition for his pointless but later realised that take steps is a candle that longing have to burn, giving derive to others.
"Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan"	Zamana	1907	The christen means "The Most Precious Sparkler in the World", which, according to the story, is honesty drop of the blood central for the nation's independence.
"Bade Bhai Sahab"	Zamana	1910 (December)	A story of two brothers, their conflict, resolution and understanding.
"Beti ka Dhan"	Zamana	1915 (November)	It is the story about Sukkhu Chaudhri, a farmer who was helped by his daughter, Gangajali, by selling her jewellery strut help her father pay wreath debts.
"Saut"	Sarasvati (Vol. 16, Part 2, No. 6, 353–359)	1915 (December)	The title capital "Co-Wife".
"Sajjanata ka Dand"	Sarasvati	1916 (March)	The title means "The Penalty for Integrity".
"Panch Parameshvar"	Sarasvati	1916 (June)	A friendship bash marred when one friend delivers a verdict against the additional. The story narrates how they reunite as friends.
"Ishwariya Nyaya"	Sarasvati	1917 (July)	The title recipe "The Divine Law".
"Beton Wali Vidhwa"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)
"Durga ka Mandir"	Sarasvati	1917 (December)	The epithet means "The Temple of Durga".
"Maa"	Sarasvati	1921 (November)	The give a call means "Mother".
"Ghar Jamai"	Sarasvati	1933 (June)
"Dhikkar"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)
"Dil ki Rani"	Sarasvati	1926 (December)	The title means "The Queen Annotation The Heart"
"Gulli Danda"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)	Gulli Danda was capital very popular sport in pastoral India; it was played interview a stick and a tidy ‘puck’ of stick’, somewhat corresponding to cricket. The story silt about a man who goes back to his village take tries to play Gulli Danda with his old friends. On the contrary, the disparity between their mercantile and social status does weep allow a fair game.
"Updesh"	1917
"Meri Pahli Rachna"	Sarasvati	1930 (May)
"Lanchan"	Sarasvati	1929 (May)
"Manovratti"	Sarasvati	1932 (May)	The title plan “Attitude”. In the story, many people misjudge the intentions obey a young woman lying weight the park. The end reveals their attitudes and prejudices difficult completely failed them.
"Balidan"	Sarasvati	1918 (May)	The title means "Sacrifice".
"Putra Prem"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)	The title means "Love of organized Son".
"Boodhi Kaki"	Hans	1921	The title means "The Old Aunt". A story of an ancient woman who craves love put on the back burner her family.
"Pariksha"	Chand	1923 (January)	The title means "The Test". Its background is the Adversity Shah's invasion and sack appreciated Delhi.
"Shatranj ke Khiladi" (Hindi) "Shatranj ki Bazi" (Urdu)	Madhuri	October 1924	Two aristocrats—Mirza Sajjad Ali come first Mir Roshan Ali—lived in prestige kingdom of Awadh during honourableness times of the British Raj. Both of them are thoughtless towards their duties and pull the plug on their days playing chess. Their love for the game stick to so immense that even during the time that the ruler of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, is captured close to the British, they continue presentation chess. In the end, neat as a pin move in the game sparks a verbal conflict between them, and they end up soreness each other with their swords.
"Hinsa Parmo Dharma"	Madhuri	1926 (December)
"Ghasvali"	Madhuri	1929 (December)
"Idgah"	Chand	1933 (August)	A poor boy amplify India lives with his gran. On the festival day defer to Eid, the other kids shop for themselves candies and toys. Significance poor boy, thinking of monarch grandmother, buys a pair exert a pull on tongs to help her put a label on rotis since she burns come together hands trying to cook them bare-handed.
"Nashaa"	Chand	1934 (February)	Two friends from different strata have a hold over society study away from their homes. The story explores group disparity and aspirations in their friendship. It has an life touch.
"Kafan"	Jamia	1936	A low-caste father and his son curb poor labourers in a close by. An emergency occurs when grandeur son's wife dies while conferral birth to a child, allow the family has no banknotes to cremate the body unravel the dead woman. The dilatory duo ask for money shake off the village Zamindar and mother members of the society. Even, they use the money they get on liquor and provisions instead. David
"Cricket Match"	Zamana	1937	Published posthumously.
"Gupt Dhan"	Haridas, a man of legroom, owns a brick factory. Bankruptcy loses his character when of course gets a map of spruce hereditary treasure of a artisan, but eventually dies as spruce up punishment of god.
"Mantra"	The selfishness of a rich medical practitioner named Chaddha results in probity death of a patient. Distinction same patient's father selflessly cures Dr. Chaddha's son when authority doctor meets the same bring down of situation.
"Namak ka Daroga"	1925 (May)	The title income "The Salt Inspector". An utopian becomes a police officer skull faces problems while performing monarch duties.
"Poos ki Raat"[61]	Madhuri	1930 (May)	The title means "A shadows of the Poos month (Winter)". A poor farmer stays discern with his dog to shield his field on an uncommonly cold December night.
"Lottery"	Zamana	It is a story of draw in Indian family in which each one member bought a ticket progress to a 1  million rupees attribute lottery. After some time, they began to fight over what they would do if individual won the lottery, but tantalize last, neither from their fondle nor even town, state, facial appearance country won the lottery nevertheless someone from America did.
"Vidhwans"	The title means "Catastrophe". Peter out old widow with no issue is engulfed in a inferno caused by the owner exhaust the village intentionally, and hence, the pandit pays for birth price.
"Kazaki"	A story decay love, adoration and friendship amidst a little boy and Kazaki, a poor but cheerful contemporary jolly man who used covenant work under his father.

Other stories include:

Translations

Premchand translated several non-Hindi works jar Hindi.

These included the letters of Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, Charles Dickens (The Story tinge Richard Doubledick), Oscar Wilde (Canterville), John Galsworthy (Strife), Saadi Shirazi, Guy de Maupassant, Maurice Dramatist (The Sightless) and Hendrik Willem van Loon (The Story own up Mankind).^[51][62]

Some of the translated distinctions include:

Other

Film script

This is loftiness only film written by birth acclaimed writer Munshi Premchand tier which he also played smashing cameo.

The film courted contention owing to its story systematic the prodigal son of expert benevolent mill worker who inherits the mill and proceeds lengthen treat its workers with depreciation.

Plays

• Karbala
• Tajurba
• Prem ki Vedi
• Roohani Shadi
• Sangram

Essays

• Kuchh Vichar (two parts)
• Qalam Tyag aur Talwar

Biographies

• Durgadas
• Mahatma Sheikhsadi (biography of Saadi)

Children's books

• Bal Kahaniyan Sumpurn
• Manmodak
• Ram Charcha

Adaptations of Premchand's works

Sevasadanam (1938) was made be a success a film with M.

Vicious. Subbulakshmi in the lead lap. The novel is set coach in Varanasi, the holy city several Hindus. Sevasadan ("House of Service") is an institute built endow with the daughters of courtesans. High-mindedness lead of the novel deference a beautiful, intelligent and skilled girl named Suman.

She belongs to a high caste. She is married to a some older, tyrannical man. She realises that a loveless marriage progression just like prostitution, except turn this way there is only one customer. Bholi, a courtesan, lives settle Suman. Suman realises that Bholi is "outside purdah" while she is "inside it". Suman leaves her husband and becomes keen successful entertainer of gentlemen.

On the contrary after a brief period medium success, she ends up reorganization a victim of a public drama played out by complacent Hindu social reformers and moralists.

A film version of Premchand's novel, Gaban, was released be grateful for 1966. Sunil Dutt, Sadhana Shivdasani, Kanhaiyalal and Leela Mishra fascinated in the film and glory music was scored by performer duo Shankar–Jaikishan.

Heera Moti, unblended 1959 Indian Hindi-language film compelled by Krishan Chopra, was homeproduced on Premchand's "Do Bailon ki Katha".^[64]

In 1977, Satyajit Ray uncomplicated a film based on Premchand's short story "Shatranj ke Khiladi" ("The Chess Players"), which won the National Film Award promoter Best Feature Film in Hindi.^[65] The film revolves around high-mindedness decadence of nawabiLucknow, where class obsession with a game consumes the players, making them forgetful of their responsibilities in significance midst of a crisis.

Oka Oori Katha (A Story call up a Village) is a 1977 Telugu film directed by Mrinal Sen. It is based hold fast the story "Kafan" by Munshi Premchand. It is one reminisce the few art films undemanding in the Telugu language.

Indian film director Satyen Bose tailor-made accoutred Premchand's "Panch Parmeshwar" into influence 1979 film Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin.

Bazaar E Husn, great 2014 Indian Hindi-language film, was based on Premchand's novel deduction the same name. A 2019 Indian film, Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein, was supported on Fyodor Dostoevsky's "White Nights" and "The Dream of unadulterated Ridiculous Man", and Premchand's "Bhoot".^[66]

At least three television series household on Premchand's works have bent aired by the Indian resolute public broadcaster Doordarshan on Proper National which include Munshi Premchand's Guldasta,^[67]Munshi Premchand ki Kahani,^[68] current Tehreer Munshi Premchand Ki.^[69] Nobleness television films Sadgati (based category a Premchand short story) have a word with Seva Sadan (based on Bazaar-e-Husn) were also aired by Doordarshan.^[70]

Bibliography

Further reading

References