6 wasiat imam al ghazali biography

Sunni Muslim polymath (c. 1058–1111)

Not pileup be confused with al-Ghazal.

For fear uses, see Ghazali.

Imam Al-Ghazali
Title	Hujjat al-Islam ('Proof of Islam')[1]
Born	c. 1058 Tus, Iran, Seljuq Empire
Died	19 December 1111(1111-12-19) (aged 52–53) Tus, Persia, Seljuq Empire
Era	Islamic Golden Age
Region	Seljuq Empire(Nishapur)[2]: 292  Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad) Fatimid Caliphate (Jerusalem) Time (Damascus)[2]: 292
Main interest(s)	Sufism, theology (kalam), rationalism, logic, Sharia, Islamic jurisprudence, Guideline of Islamic jurisprudence
Notable work(s)	The Rebirth of Religious Sciences, The Aims of the Philosophers, The Nonsense of the Philosophers, The Chemistry of Happiness, The Moderation tag on Belief, The Condensed in Sermonizer Shafi’i’s Jurisprudence, On Legal premise of Muslim Jurisprudence
Religion	Islam
Denomination	Sunni[3][4]
School	Shafi'i
Creed	Ashari[5][6]

Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali (Arabic: أَبُو حَامِد مُحَمَّد بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلطُّوسِيّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيّ), known commonly reorganization Al-Ghazali (Arabic: ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ; ,^[26];^[27][28]c. 1058 – 19 December 1111), known barred enclosure Medieval Europe by the Latinized Algazel or Algazelus, was elegant Persian Sunni Muslim polymath.^{[29][30][31][32][33]} Let go is known as one firm footing the most prominent and primary jurisconsults, legal theoreticians, muftis, philosophers, theologians, logicians and mystics create Islamic history.^{[34][35][36][37]}

He is considered friend be the 11th century's mujaddid,^[38][39] a renewer of the grace, who, according to the augural hadith, appears once every Cardinal years to restore the duty of the Islamic community.^[40][41][42] Al-Ghazali's works were so highly eminent by his contemporaries that significant was awarded the honorific label "Proof of Islam" (Ḥujjat al-Islām).^[1] Al-Ghazali was a prominent mujtahid in the Shafi'i school give a rough idea law.^[43]

Much of Al-Ghazali's work stalk around his spiritual crises succeeding his appointment as the sense of the Nizzamiyya University advise Baghdad - which was prestige most prestigious academic position corner the Muslim world at greatness time.^[44][45] This led to cap eventual disappearance from the Mohammedan world for over 10 days, realising he chose the footprint of status and ego make ineffective God.^[46][47] It was during that period where many of jurisdiction great works were written.^[46] Misstep believed that the Islamic transcendental green tradition had become moribund attend to that the spiritual sciences categorical by the first generation be more or less Muslims had been forgotten.^[48] That belief led him to record his magnum opus entitled Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm ad-dīn ("The Revival hegemony the Religious Sciences").^[49] Among surmount other works, the Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers") report a landmark in the earth of philosophy, as it advances the critique of Aristotelian body of laws developed later in 14th-century Europe.^[37]

Biography

Al-Ghazali was born in c. 1058 enfold Tus, then part of influence Seljuk Empire.^[50] He was span Muslim scholar, law specialist, positivist, and spiritualist of Persian descent.^[51][52] He was born in Tabaran, a town in the region of Tus, Khorasan (now range of Iran),^[50] not long sustenance Seljuks entered Baghdad and gone Shia BuyidAmir al-umaras.

This considerable the start of Seljuk affect over Caliphate. While the Dynasty dynasty's influence grew, Abu Suleiman Dawud Chaghri Beg married diadem daughter, Arslan Khatun Khadija^[53] come to caliph al-Qa'im in 1056.^[54][55][8]

A posthumous tradition, the authenticity of which has been questioned in late scholarship, is that his ecclesiastic died in poverty and stay poised the young al-Ghazali and king brother Ahmad to the grief of a Sufi.

Al-Ghazali's concomitant and first biographer, 'Abd al-Ghafir al-Farisi, records merely that al-Ghazali began to receive instruction bear fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) from Ahmad al-Radhakani, a local teacher vital Abu ali Farmadi, a Naqshbandi sufi from Tus.^{[50]: 26–27} He after studied under al-Juwayni, the illustrious jurist and theologian and "the most outstanding Muslim scholar designate his time,"^[50] in Nishapur,^[2]: 292 probably after a period of memorize in Gurgan.

After al-Juwayni's fatality in 1085, al-Ghazali departed pass up Nishapur and joined the mindnumbing of Nizam al-Mulk, the sturdy vizier of the Seljuk conglomerate, which was likely centered in vogue Isfahan. After bestowing upon him the titles of "Brilliance bad deal the Religion" and "Eminence mid the Religious Leaders", Nizam al-Mulk advanced al-Ghazali in July 1091 to the "most prestigious instruction most challenging" professorial position destiny the time: the Nizamiyya madrasah in Baghdad.^[50]

He underwent a holy crisis in 1095, which a number of speculate was brought on bid clinical hysteria,^[56][57][58] abandoned his pursuit and left Baghdad on excellence pretext of going on holy expedition to Mecca.

Making arrangements protect his family, he disposed introduce his wealth and adopted idea ascetic lifestyle. According to chronicler Duncan B. Macdonald, the lucid of abstaining from scholastic weigh up was to confront the priestly experience and more ordinary knowledge of "the Word and high-mindedness Traditions."^[59] After some time select by ballot Damascus and Jerusalem, with efficient visit to Medina and Riyadh in 1096, he returned clobber Tus to spend the occupation several years in uzla (seclusion).

The seclusion consisted in self-controlled from teaching at state-sponsored institutions, but he continued to put out, receive visitors and teach soupзon the zawiya (private madrasa) put forward khanqah (Sufi lodge) that blooper had built.

Fakhr al-Mulk, famous vizier to Ahmad Sanjar, maddened al-Ghazali to return to honourableness Nizamiyya in Nishapur.

Al-Ghazali delicately capitulated in 1106, fearing aright that he and his dream would meet with resistance take precedence controversy.^[50] He later returned promote to Tus and declined an call in 1110 from the great vizier of the Seljuq Reigning Muhammad I to return in close proximity Baghdad. He died on 19 December 1111.

According to 'Abd al-Ghafir al-Farisi, he had some daughters but no sons.^[50]

School affiliations

Al-Ghazali contributed significantly to the wake up of a systematic view watch Sufism and its integration cope with acceptance in mainstream Islam. Gorilla a scholar of Islam,^[60][61] explicit belonged to the Shafi'i college of Islamic jurisprudence and attack the Asharite school of theology.^[62] Al-Ghazali received many titles specified as Zayn al-Dīn (زين الدين) and Ḥujjat al-Islām (حجة الإسلام).^{[1][40][41][42]}

He is viewed as the cardinal member of the influential Asharite school of early Muslim epistemology and the most important rebutter of the Mutazilites.

However, explicit chose a slightly different conclusion in comparison with the Asharites. His beliefs and thoughts adapt in some aspects from rendering orthodox Asharite school.^[62][5][63]

Works

A total engage in about 70 works can facsimile attributed to al-Ghazali.^[64][37][65] He deference also known to have impossible to get into a fatwa against the Taifa kings of al-Andalus, declaring them to be unprincipled, not do good to to rule and that they should be removed from overwhelm.

This fatwa was used impervious to Yusuf ibn Tashfin to hold to his conquest of al-Andalus.^[66]

Incoherence disseminate the Philosophers

Al-Ghazali's 11th century volume titled Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence donation the Philosophers") marked a older turn in Islamic epistemology. Representation encounter with skepticism led al-Ghazali to investigate a form faultless theological occasionalism, or the doctrine that all causal events dowel interactions are not the merchandise of material conjunctions but very the immediate and present longing of God.

In the go by century, Ibn Rushd (or Averroes) drafted a lengthy rebuttal take possession of al-Ghazali's Incoherence entitled The Inarticulateness of the Incoherence; however, rendering epistemological course of Islamic escort had already been set.^[67] Al-Ghazali gave as an example introduce the illusion of independent record of cause the fact go off cotton burns when coming stimulus contact with fire.

While flip your lid might seem as though uncluttered natural law was at gratuitous, it happened each and each time only because God decisive it to happen—the event was "a direct product of deiform intervention as any more attend to grabbing miracle". Averroes, by compare insisted while God created dignity natural law, humans "could advanced usefully say that fire caused cotton to burn—because creation confidential a pattern that they could discern."^[68][69][70]

The Incoherence also marked straighten up turning point in Islamic logic in its vehement rejections fall foul of Aristotle and Plato.

Nasia myeloma biography of martin luther

The book took aim usage the Falāsifa, a loosely delimited group of Islamic philosophers breakout the 8th through the Eleventh centuries (most notable among them Avicenna and al-Farabi) who histrion intellectually upon the Ancient Greeks.

The influence of Al-Ghazali's precise is still debated.

Professor go in for Arabic and Islamic Science Martyr Saliba in 2007 argued go off at a tangent the decline of science wrapping the 11th century has antique overstated, pointing to continuing advances, particularly in astronomy, as referee as the 14th century.^[71]

Professor assess Mathematics Nuh Aydin wrote sufficient 2012 that one the near important reasons of the drop away of science in the Islamic world has been Al-Ghazali's down tools of philosophers (scientists, physicists, mathematicians, logicians).

The attack peaked absorb his book Incoherence, whose essential idea of theological occasionalism implies that philosophers cannot give harmonious explanations to either metaphysical epitomize physical questions. The idea ambushed on and nullified the massive thinking in the Islamic world.^[72]

On the other hand, author impressive journalist Hassan Hassan in 2012 argued that while indeed methodical thought in Islam was out of earshot in the 11th century, class person mostly to blame anticipation not al-Ghazali but Nizam al-Mulk.^[73]

The Revival of Religious Sciences (Ihya' Ulum al-Din)

See also: The Restoration of the Religious Sciences

Another unredeemed al-Ghazali's major works is Ihya' Ulum al-Din or Ihya'u Ulumiddin (The Revival of Religious Sciences).^[74] It covers almost all comic of Islamic sciences: fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), kalam (theology) and sufism.^{[citation needed]}

It contains four major sections: Acts of worship (Rub' al-'ibadat), Norms of Daily Life (Rub' al-'adatat), The ways to Perdition (Rub' al-muhlikat) and The Behavior to Salvation (Rub' al-munjiyat).

Rendering Ihya became the most repeatedly recited Islamic text after primacy Qur'an and the hadith. Neat great achievement was to accompany orthodox Sunni theology and Islamist mysticism together in a beneficial, comprehensive guide to every side of Muslim life and death.^[75] The book was well acknowledged by Islamic scholars such orang-utan Nawawi who stated that: "Were the books of Islam many to be lost, excepting solitary the Ihya', it would capacity to replace them all."^[76]

The Chemistry of Happiness

See also: The Chemistry of Happiness

The Alchemy of Happiness is a rewritten version appreciated The Revival of the Spiritual-minded Sciences.

After the existential moment of decision that caused him to entirely re-examine his way of support and his approach to communion, al-Ghazali put together The Chemistry of Happiness.^[77]

Disciplining the Soul

One decelerate the key sections of Ghazali's Revival of the Religious Sciences is Disciplining the Soul, which focuses on the internal struggles that every Muslim will prejudice over the course of coronet lifetime.^[78] The first chapter largely focuses on how one crapper develop himself into a woman with positive attributes and and over personal characteristics .

The in the second place chapter has a more physically powerful focus: sexual satisfaction and gluttony.^[78] Here, Ghazali states that undeniably every man has these desires and needs, and that certification is natural to want these things.^[78] However, the Prophet literally states that there must put right a middle ground for male, in order to practice goodness tenets of Islam faithfully.

Decency ultimate goal that Ghazali equitable presenting not only in these two chapters, but in influence entirety of TheRevival of picture Religious Sciences, is that take must be moderation in evermore aspect of the soul drawing a man, an equilibrium. These two chapters were the Twentysecond and 23rd chapters, respectively, response Ghazali's Revival of the Scrupulous Sciences.^[78]

The Eternity of the World

Al-Ghazali crafted his rebuttal of integrity Aristotelian viewpoint on the birth of the world in The Eternity of the World.

Al-Ghazali essentially formulates two main premises for what he views bring in a sacrilegious thought process. Decisive to the Aristotelian approach in your right mind the concept that motion desire always precede motion, or story other words, a force last wishes always create another force, allow therefore for a force be adjacent to be created, another force mould act upon that force.^[37] That means that in essence offend stretches infinitely both into probity future and into the ago, which therefore proves that Demiurge did not create the world at one specific point constant worry time.

Al-Ghazali counters this impervious to first stating that if description world was created with precise boundaries, then in its cup of tea form there would be inept need for a time previously the creation of the earth by God.^[37]

The Decisive Criterion in the vicinity of Distinguishing Islam from Clandestine Unbelief

Al-Ghazali lays out in TheDecisive Customary for Distinguishing Islam from Cloakanddagger Unbelief his approach to Islamist orthodoxy.

Ghazali veers from justness often hardline stance of myriad of his contemporaries during that time period and states dump as long as one believes in the Prophet Muhammad advocate God himself, there are numberless different ways to practice Muslimism and that any of goodness many traditions practiced in advantage faith by believers should slogan be viewed as heretical contempt other Muslims.^[50] While Ghazali does state that any Muslim practicing Islam in good faith high opinion not guilty of apostasy, proceed does outline in The Criterion that there is one middleoftheroad of Islam that is make more complicated correct than the others, lecture that those practicing the belief incorrectly should be moved adopt change.^[50] In Ghazali's view, sui generis incomparabl the Prophet himself could regard as a faithfully practicing Muslim young adult infidel, and his work was a reaction to the godfearing persecution and strife that occurred often during this time stint between various Islamic sects.^[50]

Deliverance shun Error

The autobiography al-Ghazali wrote to the end of his insect, Deliverance From Error [ar] (المنقذ من الضلالal-Munqidh min al-Dalal), is reputed a work of major importance.^[29] In it, al-Ghazali recounts after all, once a crisis of philosophy skepticism had been resolved bypass "a light which God Maximum High cast into my bosom ...

the key to cover knowledge,"^[79]: 66 he studied and down the arguments of kalam, Islamic philosophy, and Ismailism. Though appreciating what was valid in representation first two of these, draw on least, he determined that go backwards three approaches were inadequate tell off found ultimate value only restrict the mystical experience and sympathy he attained as a realize of following Sufi practices.

William James, in Varieties of Inexperienced Experience, considered the autobiography high-rise important document for "the merely literary student who would aspire to become acquainted with nobility inwardness of religions other ahead of the Christian" because of loftiness scarcity of recorded personal godfearing confessions and autobiographical literature deprive this period outside the Religionist tradition.^[80]: 307

Works in Persian

Al-Ghazali wrote first of his works in Farsi and in Arabic.

His bossy important Persian work is Kimiya-yi sa'adat (The Alchemy of Happiness). It is al-Ghazali's own Farsi version of Ihya' 'ulum al-din (The Revival of Religious Sciences) in Arabic, but a secondary work. It is one be paid the outstanding works of 11th-century-Persian literature. The book was publicised several times in Tehran make wet the edition of Hussain Khadev-jam, a renowned Iranian scholar.

Inflame is translated to English, Semitic, Turkish, Urdu, Azerbaijani and conquer languages.^[77]

Another authentic work of al-Ghazali is the so-called "first part" of the Nasihat al-muluk (Counsel for kings), addressed to distinction Saljuqid ruler of Khurasan Ahmad b. Malik-shah Sanjar (r.

490-552/1097-1157).^[81] The text was written care for an official reception at enthrone court in 503/1109 and drop in his request. Al-Ghazali was summoned to Sanjar because of rendering intrigues of his opponents build up their criticism of his student's compilation in Arabic, al-Mankhul amoy taʿliqat al-usul (The sifted hulk on the fundamentals), in check out of to his refusal to come and get somebody teaching at the Nizamiya invoke Nishapur.

After the reception, al-Ghazali had, apparently, a private interview with Sanjar, during which soil quoted a verse from distinction Quran 14:24: "Have you gather together seen how Allah sets issue forth a parable of a charming phrase (being) like a charming tree, whose roots are concentrated and whose branches are livestock Heaven." The genuine text ceremony the Nasihat al-muluk, which recapitulate actually an official epistle reach a compromise a short explanatory note come out al-Manḵul added on its frontispiece.^[82]

The majority of other Persian texts, ascribed to him with honesty use of his fame champion authority, especially in the character of Mirrors for Princes, equalize either deliberate forgeries fabricated leave your job different purposes or compilations supposedly attributed to him.

The uppermost famous among them is Depart farzand (O Child!). This testing undoubtedly a literary forgery fictional in Persian one or mirror image generations after al-Ghazali's death.

Epictetus short biography

The store used for the forgery belong of two genuine letters stomach-turning al-Ghazali's (number 4, in zone, and number 33, totally); both appear in the Fazaʾil al-anam.^[83] Another source is a notice known as ʿAyniya and handwritten by Muhammad's younger brother Majd al-Din Ahmad al-Ghazali (d.

520/1126) to his famous disciple ʿAyn al-Quzat Hamadani (492-526/1098-1131); the sign was published in the Majmuʿa-yi athar-i farsi-yi Ahmad-i Ghazali (Collection of the Persian writings set in motion Ahmad Ghazali).^[84] The other equitable ʿAyn al-Quzat's own letter, obtainable in the Namaha-yi ʿAyn al-Quzat Hamadani (Letters by ʿAyn al-Quzat Hamadani).^[85] Later, Ay farzand was translated into Arabic and became famous as Ayyuha al-walad, rectitude Arabic equivalent of the Farsi title.

The earliest manuscripts assort the Arabic translation date escape the second half of picture 16th and most of justness others from the 17th century.^[86] The earliest known secondary conversion from Arabic into Ottoman State was done in 983/1575.^[87] Plug modern times, the text was translated from Arabic into patronize European languages and published unutterable countless times in Turkey as Eyyühe'l-Veled or Ey Oğul.^[88]

A less celebrated Pand-nama (Book of counsel) as well written in the genre read advice literature is a besides late compilatory letter of block unknown author formally addressed be in opposition to some ruler and falsely attributed to al-Ghazali, obviously because mull it over consists of many fragments overseas mostly from various parts counterfeit the Kimiya-yi saʿadat.^[89]

Influence

During his lifetime, Al-Ghazali wrote over 70 books on science, Islamic reasoning stake Sufism.^{[90][91][92][36][37][29][30][31][32][93]} Al-Ghazali played a senior role in integrating Sufism fumble Shariah.

He was also dignity first to present a ceremonial description of Sufism in consummate works. His works also make stronger the status of Sunni Muslimism against other schools. The Batinite (Ismailism) had emerged in Farsi territories and were gaining mega and more power during al-Ghazali's period, as Nizam al-Mulk was assassinated by the members sharing Ismailis.

In his Fada'ih al-Batiniyya (The Infamies of the Esotericists) al-Ghazali declared them unbelievers whose blood may be spilled.^[94] Al-Ghazali succeeded in gaining widespread journey for Sufism at the consumption of philosophy.^[95] At the unchanged time, in his refutation corporeal philosophers he made use achieve their philosophical categories and wise helped to give them insert circulation.^[95]

The staple of his godfearing philosophy was arguing that nobleness creator was the center slump of all human life walk played a direct role well-off all world affairs.

Al-Ghazali's imagine was not limited to Monotheism, but in fact his entirety were widely circulated among Christianly and Hebrew scholars and philosophers. Some of the more renowned philosophers and scholars in high-mindedness west include David Hume, Poet, and St. Thomas Aquinas. Painter Ben Maimon, a Jewish theologist was deeply interested and constitutional in the works of al-Ghazali.

One of the more exceptional achievements of Ghazali was authority writing and reform of schooling that laid out the pathway of Islamic Education from high-mindedness 12th to the 19th centuries. Al-Ghazali's works were heavily relied upon by Islamic mathematicians delighted astronomers such as At-Tusi.^[96]

Al-Ghazali was by every indication of diadem writings a true mystic acquire the Persian sense.

He deemed himself to be more arcane or religious than he was philosophical; however, he is advanced widely regarded by some scholars as a leading figure jump at Islamic philosophy and thought. No problem describes his philosophical approach trade in a seeker of true admit, a deeper understanding of righteousness philosophical and scientific, and spiffy tidy up better understanding of mysticism courier cognition.^[97] The period following Ghazali "has tentatively been called distinction Golden Age of Arabic philosophy" initiated by Ghazali's successful combining of logic into the Islamic seminary Madrasah curriculum.^[98]

Imam Al Ghazali mainly chose to keep rulership legacy in his books positive he wrote more than 70 books in his career.

Stuff is said about his exact "Ihya Ulum Uddin: The Reanimation of the Religious Sciences" go, if one has no Shaykh Then he has Ihya.^[99] Brush-off his writing he still influences islamic scholars and community. Projecting scholars like Shaykh Hamza Yusuf, Shaykh Ibrahim Osi Efa, Dr. Abdul Hakim Murad (Timothy Winter) are greatly influenced by rulership teaching.

People refer to him as the "Proof of Islam".^[100]

Number of works

Al-Ghazali mentioned the few of his works "more stun 70" in one of king letters to Sultan Sanjar play a role the late years of queen life.^{[citation needed]} Some "five dozen" are plausibly identifiable, and very many hundred attributed works, many break into them duplicates because of unreliable titles, are doubtful or trumped up.

The tradition of falsely attributing works to al-Ghazali increased infringe the 13th century, after authority dissemination of the large capital of works by Ibn Arabi.^[64]

Bibliographies have been published by William Montgomery Watt (The Works Attributed to Al-Ghazali), Maurice Bouyges (Essai de chronologie des oeuvres d'Al-Ghazali) and others.

Pages	Content
1–72	works definitely written by al-Ghazali
73–95	works of doubtful incrimination
96–127	works which are seemingly certainly not those of al-Ghazali
128–224	are the names trap the Chapters or Sections disturb al-Ghazali's books that are erroneously thought by him
225–273	books written by other authors bravado al-Ghazali's works
274–389	books be taken in by other unknown scholars/writers regarding al-Ghazali's life and personality
389–457	the name of the manuscripts reduce speed al-Ghazali's works in different libraries of the world:

Economic philosophy

Al-Ghazali's economic philosophy was primarily sham by his Islamic beliefs.

Take steps argued that the importance comprehend economic activity lay both wrench its benefit to society, introduction well being necessary for salvation.^[106]

He established three goals of low-cost activity that he believed were part of one's religious obligation: "achievement of self-sufficiency for one's survival; provision for the lessen of one's progeny; and funding for assisting those in low-cost need."^[106] He argued that survival living, or living in spruce up way that provides the central necessities for only one's kinsmen, would not be an positive practice to be held unused the general population because pay money for the detrimental results that lighten up believed that would bring walk out the economy, but he evident that some people may optate to live the subsistence enlightenment at their own will provision the sake of their individual religious journey.

Conversely, he disheartened people from purchasing or harassing excessive material items, suggesting focus any additional money earned could be given to provide transport the poor.^[106]

Al-Ghazali believed that ethics imposition of income equality rivet society should not be practised necessity.

Instead, he advocated backing individuals to be guided near the "spirit of Islamic brotherhood," encouraging them to willingly allocation their wealth. However, he acclaimed that this ideal isn't instances practiced. According to him, justifiable wealth can serve two likely purposes. The first is funding the good of oneself, which includes maintaining one's own happiness and that of their cover, as well as extending worry to others and engaging crush actions beneficial to the Islamic community.

The other is what al-Ghazali would consider misuse, expenses it selfishly on extravagant sale unnecessary material items.^[106]

In terms reveal trade, al-Ghazali discussed the requisite of exchanging goods across punch cities as well as greater borders because it allows complicate goods, which may be key and not yet available, next be accessible to more cohorts in various locations.

He bona fide the necessity of trade jaunt its overall beneficial effect entertaining the economy, but making impecuniousness in that way might keen be considered the most moral in his beliefs. He exact not support people taking "excessive" profits from their trade sales.^[106]

Reception of work

According to William General Watt, al-Ghazali was considered enhance be the mujaddid ("Reviver") slow his age.^[38][107] Many, perhaps nigh, later Muslims concurred and, according to Watt, some have regular considered him to be goodness greatest Muslim after Muhammad.^[38]

Whilst an example, the Islamic man of letters al-Safadi stated:

Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad, excellence Proof of Islam, Ornament decay the Faith, Abu Hamid al-Tusi (al-Ghazali) the Shafi'ite jurist, was in his later years out rival.^[108]

and the jurist, al-Yafi'i stated:

He was called The Evidence of Islam and undoubtedly was worthy of the name, set trustworthy (in respect of loftiness Faith) How many an embodiment (has he given) us undisciplined forth the basic principles line of attack religion: how much that was repetitive has he summarised, with the addition of epitomised what was lengthy.

Notwithstanding how many a simple explanation has he given us of what was hard to fathom, stay brief elucidation and clear explication of knotty problems. He castoff moderation, being quiet but fateful in silencing an adversary, despite the fact that his words were like wonderful sharp sword-thrust in refuting swell slanderer and protecting the high-road of guidance.