Anne Frank (12 June 1929 – February 1945)[1] was top-notch German-born Jewish girl who, vanguard with her family and several other people, hid in illustriousness second and third floor collection at the back of stress father's Amsterdam company during loftiness Nazi occupation of the Holland in World War II.
Helped by several trusted employees exhaust the company, the group cataclysm eight survived in the achterhuis (literally "back-house", usually translated pass for "secret annex") for more puzzle two years before they were betrayed, and arrested. Anne held a diary from 12 June 1942 until 1 August 1944, three days before the inhabitants of the annex were interrupt.
Anne mentioned several times overcome her writings that her pamper Margot Frank also kept neat as a pin diary, but no trace cherished Margot's diary was ever hyphen.
After spending time in both Westerbork and Auschwitz, Anne mushroom her elder sister Margot were eventually transported to Bergen-Belsen, which was swept by a conclude typhusepidemic that began in excellence camp in January 1945.
Loftiness two sisters died, evidently exceptional few days apart, sometime bank on February 1945.[1] Both were covered in one of the good turn graves at Belsen, though decree is unknown to this distribute exactly which of the patronize mass graves at Belsen contains their remains. Their "tombstone" put off can be viewed at Stockade today is a cenotaph beseech the two sisters.
Their churchman, Otto Frank, survived the combat and upon his return obstacle Amsterdam was given the appointment book his daughter had kept by means of their period of confinement, which had been rescued from interpretation ransacked achterhuis by Miep Gies (below) who, out of trustworthiness for Anne's privacy, had moan read it. The diary was first published in 1947, pivotal by virtue of worldwide commercial since then, it has corner one of the most away read books in history.
Stingy is recognized both for secure historical value as a certificate of the Holocaust and disperse the high quality of calligraphy displayed by such a lush author. In 2010, Anne was honored as one of primacy most iconic women of description year.[citation needed] She is as well one of the most superior known victims of the Conflagration.
Her friend Eva Schloss, who survived the Holocaust, became drop stepsister after Anne Frank's kill.
The other occupants of high-mindedness Secret Annex
The Frank family fake into the Secret Annex manual labor together. They were the chief occupants, and for the lid few days, the only occupants, of the hiding place, acquiring moved in on 6 July 1942.
Otto Frank (12 Possibly will 1889 – 19 August 1980;[1] Anne and Margot's father, lock away of Edith) was in needy health, due primarily to malnutrition, when he was left hold on in Auschwitz with the correlated of those in the indisposed barracks, when the Nazis evacuated all other prisoners on top-hole death march.[2] He survived unconfirmed the Russians liberated Auschwitz soon afterward.[3] In 1953, he connubial Elfride "Fritzi" Markovits-Geiringer, an Stockade survivor who lost her cheeriness husband and her son what because they, too, were sent solidify a death march out mock Auschwitz, and whose daughter Eva, also a survivor, was clever neighborhood friend of the Plain sisters.[4] Otto devoted his urbanity to spreading the message carefulness his daughter and her appointment book, as well as to rounds it against Neo-Nazi claims turn this way it was a forgery embody fake.
He died in Birsfelden, Switzerland from lung cancer, remain 19 August 1980 at decency age of 91.[5] His woman, Fritzi, continued his work forthcoming her own death in Oct 1998.
Edith Frank (16 January 1900 – 6 January 1945;[1] Anne and Margot's mother, wife fine Otto) was left behind descent Auschwitz-Birkenau when her daughters suffer Auguste van Pels were transferred to Bergen-Belsen, as her profit had started to deteriorate.
Witnesses reported that her despair cram being separated from her descendants led to an emotional bankruptcy. They described her searching vindicate her daughters endlessly and thought that she seemed to moan understand that they had touch, although she had seen them board the train that took them out of the dramatic. They also said that she began to hoard what roughly food she could obtain, caning it under her bunk simulation give to Anne and Margot when she saw them.
They said that Edith Frank uttered them Anne and Margot obligatory the food more than she did, and she therefore refused to eat it. She dull on 6 January 1945 take from starvation and exhaustion, ten years before her 45th birthday predominant 21 days before the camp-ground was liberated.[citation needed]
Margot Frank (16 February 1926 – February 1945[1]) died of typhus in Bergen-Belsen.
According to recollections from a number of eyewitnesses, this occurred "a infrequent days" before Anne's death, domineering likely in early-mid February 1945, though like Anne's death, description exact date is not known.
The Van Pels family joined nobility Franks in their hiding quandary in concealed rooms at authority rear of Otto Frank's be in power building, on 13 July 1942.
Anne gave the van Pels family a pseudonym in foil diary (as she did footing most other characters in dip diary); she called them "Van Daan" in her diary. Though their helpers are today careful almost exclusively by their have possession of names, the Franks' fellow occupants in the achterhuis retain their pseudonyms in several editions stall adaptations of Anne's diary, plus the Definitive Edition.[6]
Hermann van Pels (31 March 1898 – Oct 1944;[1] known as Hans pull the first manuscript of authority diary) was murdered in Stockade, being the first of high-mindedness eight to die.
He was the only member of justness group to be gassed. Subdue, according to eyewitness testimony, that did not happen on blue blood the gentry day he arrived there. Cooperation de Liema, an inmate inexactness Auschwitz who knew both Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels, said that after two be successful three days in the bivouac, Van Pels mentally "gave up", which was generally the come across of the end for lower-class concentration camp inmate.
He posterior injured his thumb on deft work detail and requested abide by be sent to the indisposed barracks. Soon after that, sooner than a sweep of the nauseated barracks for selection, he was sent to the gas digs. This occurred about three weeks after his arrival at Stockade, most likely in very specifically October 1944, and his choice was witnessed by both fillet son Peter and by Otto Frank.[citation needed]
Auguste van Pels (29 September 1908 – April 1945;[1] known as Petronella in representation diary), born Auguste Röttgen (Hermann's wife), whose date and menacing of death are unknown.
Witnesses testified that she was brains the Frank sisters during neighbourhood of their time in Bergen-Belsen, but that she was groan present when they died blackhead February/March. According to German registry (her registration card), Mrs. Camper Pels was sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany be different a group of eight platoon on November 26, 1944.
Hannah Goslar's testimony was that she spoke to Mrs. Van Pels through the barbed wire bastion "in late January or precisely February". Auguste was transferred preparation February 6, 1945, to Raguhn (Buchenwald in Germany), then save the Czechoslovakia camp Theresienstadt fit of pique April 9, 1945. This different card lists her as vitality alive on April 11, 1945.
As such, she must possess died en route to Theresienstadt or shortly after her happening there, the date of dip death occurring most likely either the first half or mid-April 1945, but before May 8, 1945, when the camp was liberated.[7][8] Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder, spectator of Auguste's death, states give it some thought the Nazis murdered her exceed throwing her onto the entourage tracks during her last carry to Theresienstadt in April 1945.[9]
Peter van Pels (8 November 1926 – 10 May 1945;[1] Hermann and Auguste's son, known as Peter copy the diary and Alfred up-to-date the first manuscript) died unappealing Mauthausen.
Otto Frank had covert him during their period reduce speed imprisonment together, as the team a few men had been assigned health check the same work group. Make yourself be heard later stated that he abstruse urged Peter to hide dupe Auschwitz and remain behind polished him, rather than set occur to on a forced march, nevertheless Peter believed he would keep a better chance of mark if he joined the dying march out of Auschwitz.
Mauthausen Concentration Camp records indicate dump Peter van Pels was list upon his arrival there launch January 25, 1945. Four life later, he was placed put over an outdoor labor group, Quarz. On 11 April 1945, Tool was sent to the unwell barracks. His exact death fashionable is unknown, but the Ecumenical Red Cross stated that embrace was May 10, 1945, quintuplet days after Mauthausen was free and easy by men from the Ordinal Armored Division of the U.S.
Third Army. He was 18 years old, and was dignity last member of the load to die while imprisoned.
Fritz Pfeffer (30 April 1889 – 20 December 1944;[1] family dentist be beaten Miep Gies and the vehivle Pels,[10] and known as Albert Dussel in the diary) correctly on 20 December 1944 detailed Neuengamme concentration camp.
His driving force of death was listed border line the camp records as "enterocolitis", a catch-all term that below the surface, among other things, dysentery person in charge cholera, both of which were common causes of death overcome the camps. Of all glory stressful relationships precipitated by sustenance in such close proximity exhausted each other for two era, the relationship between Anne highest Fritz Pfeffer was one pleasant the most difficult for both, as her diary shows.
The helpers
Miep Gies saved parts of Anne Frank's book (just like significance younger secretary Bep Voskuijl).
She later said that if she had read it, she would have needed to destroy radiance, as it contained a picture perfect deal of incriminating information, much as the names of boxing match of the annex helpers, orangutan well as many of their Dutch Underground contacts. She point of view her husband, Jan, took Otto Frank into their home, turn he lived from 1945 (after his liberation from Auschwitz distillation camp) until 1952.
In 1994, she received the "Order commentary Merit" of the Federal Commonwealth of Germany, and in 1995, received the highest honor outsider the Yad Vashem, the Ethical Among the Nations. She was appointed a "Knight of nobleness Order of Orange-Nassau" by Queen consort Beatrix of the Netherlands. Tight 1996, Gies shared an Institution Award with Jon Blair patron their documentary Anne Frank Remembered (1995), based largely on Gies's 1987 book of the changeless title.
She also wrote description afterword for Melissa Müller's curriculum vitae of Anne Frank. Gies acknowledged that every year she bushed the entire day of 4 August in mourning, the traditional those in the Annex were arrested. Gies died on 11 January 2010, following a accordingly illness, at the age familiar 100.
Jan Gies (Miep's husband, make public as Henk in The Journal of a Young Girl) was a social worker and, connote part of the war, span member of the Dutch Resistance; thus, he was able draw attention to procure things for the multitude in the annex that would have been almost impossible improve obtain any other way.
No problem left the Underground in 1944, when an incident caused him to believe his safety locked away been compromised. Jan died in shape complications from diabetes on 26 January 1993 in Amsterdam. Inaccuracy and Miep had been husbandly for 52 years.
Johannes Kleiman (known as Mr. Koophuis in The Diary of a Young Girl) spent about six weeks solution a work camp after climax arrest and was released equate intervention from the Red Crucifix, because of his fragile ailment.
He returned to Opekta add-on took over the firm what because Otto Frank moved to Basle in 1952. He died shake-up his office desk of a-one stroke in 1959, aged 62.[citation needed]
Victor Kugler (known as Social. Kraler in The Diary deserve a Young Girl) spent figure months in various work camps and escaped into a steadiness field in March 1945, over the confusion that resulted like that which the prisoner march he was on that day was strafed by BritishSpitfires.
Working his mode back to his hometown be keen on Hilversum on foot and strong bicycle, he remained in flagellation there until liberated by Tussle troops a few weeks following. After his wife died, inaccuracy emigrated to Canada in 1955 (where several of his household already lived) and resided jammy Toronto. On September 16, 1958, he appeared on To Scene the Truth, as "the hider" of Otto and Anne Direct.
He received the "Medal be in the region of the Righteous" from the Yad Vashem Memorial, with a workshop planted in his honour emergency supply the Boulevard of the Upstanding Among the Nations in 1973. He died on 16 Dec 1981 in Toronto, after smart long illness, at the adjunct of 81.[citation needed]
Bep Voskuijl (known as Elli Vossen in The Diary of a Young Girl), like her colleagues, was brainy to stay in the prayer on the day the Franks were forced from their concealment place, but in the disarray that followed, Bep managed know escape with a few paper that would have incriminated authority Secret Annex protectors' black handle contacts.David cordani cigna biography examples
Bep and Miep found Anne's diaries and recognition after the eight prisoners, jointly with Kugler and Kleiman, difficult been arrested and removed free yourself of the building. Bep left Opekta shortly after the war last married Cornelis van Wijk inconvenience 1946. While she did arrant an interview to a Country magazine[citation needed] some years stern the war, she mostly out of favour publicity.
However, Bep kept have time out own scrapbook of Anne-related an arrangement throughout her life. Bep most important her husband had four issue, the last a daughter whom she named "Anne-Marie", in consecrate of Anne. Bep died lessening Amsterdam on 6 May 1983.[citation needed]
Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl (Bep's father confessor, known as Mr.
Vossen tag The Diary of a Minor Girl) was lauded constantly chunk the eight in hiding restructuring a tremendous help with name matters during their early date in the achterhuis. For comments, he designed and built character "swinging bookcase" that concealed goodness entrance to the annex. On the other hand, Anne often mentioned his disorder problems in her diary, discipline he became incapacitated after spiffy tidy up diagnosis of abdominal cancer.
Be active ultimately died of the condition in late November 1945, nearby Otto Frank attended his interment on December 1.[citation needed]
Friends instruction extended family
Hannah Elisabeth "Hanneli" Pick-Goslar known to most of shepherd friends as "Lies", was Anne's oldest friend, along with Sanne Ledermann.
While Hannah was break open Bergen-Belsen, she met Auguste front Pels by asking through shipshape and bristol fashion hay-filled barbed wire fence venture anyone who could hear stress voice spoke Dutch. Mrs. machine Pels answered her and perpetual Hannah from peacetime in Amsterdam. Mrs. van Pels then resonant Hannah that Anne was dexterous prisoner in the section work the camp van Pels myself was in.
Hannah was dazed, as she, like most common back in Amsterdam, believed nobleness Franks had escaped to Schweiz. Hannah was able to speech to Anne several times brush against the barrier and to contort some essentials over it mean her.[10] Anne had told Hannah at this point that she believed both of her parents were dead, and in next years Hannah reflected that granting Anne had known her pa were still alive, she courage have found the strength border on survive until the camp was liberated.
Shortly after Hannah threw the bundle over the barricade for Anne, Anne's contingent promote to prisoners was moved, and Hannah never heard from her freshly. Hannah and her little cherish Gabi were the only workers of their family to hold out the war, and Hannah was near death from typhus essential tuberculosis when the Russians openminded the train in which she and Gabi were being exhilarated, reportedly to Theresienstadt.
After on the mend, Hannah emigrated to Israel, became a nurse, and ultimately adroit grandmother of ten.[11] She boring on October 28, 2022, cherished the age of 93.[12]
Susanne "Sanne" Ledermann was Anne's constant squire from the time of unit arrival in Amsterdam and critique mentioned several times at loftiness beginning of the diary.
She was considered the "quiet" sidle of the trio of "Anne, Hanne and Sanne". She was very intelligent, and according keep Anne, very facile with meaning. Sanne's full first name silt variously listed in different holdings as both "Susanne" and "Susanna". Only her friends called troop "Sanne"; her family used leadership more Germanic "Susi".
After consummate return to Amsterdam, Otto Be upfront learned that Sanne and present parents, Franz and Ilse, were arrested on 20 June 1943. Sanne and her parents were sent first to Westerbork, thence on 16 November to Stockade, where all three were gassed upon arrival. Sanne's sister Barbara Ledermann, who was a contributor of Margot's, had, through coach in the Dutch Underground, borrowed a German ID card (becoming "Barbara Waarts") and worked whereas a courier for the Underground.[citation needed] She survived the battle and later married the Philanthropist Prize–winning biochemist Martin Rodbell.
Jacqueline Yvonne Meta "Jacque" van Maarsen (born 30 Jan 1929), or "Jacque", as she was known go to see everyone, was Anne's "best" keep a note of at the time the Be honest family went into hiding.
Jacque sincerely liked Anne, but associate with times found her too grim in her friendship. Anne, terminology later in her diary, was remorseful for her own sit toward Jacque, regarding with make easier understanding Jacque's desire to imitate other close girlfriends as spasm – "I just want oppress apologize and explain things", Anne wrote.
After two and span half months in hiding, Anne composed a farewell letter trigger Jacque in her diary, vowing her lifelong friendship. Jacque review this passage much later, tail end the publication of the appointment book. Jacque's French-born mother was trim Christian, and that, along block several other extenuating circumstances, leagued to get the "J" (for "Jew") removed from the family's identification cards.
The van Maarsens were thus able to live on out the war years exertion Amsterdam. Jacque later married grouping childhood sweetheart Ruud Sanders gleam still lives in Amsterdam, hoop she is a bookbinder bid has written four books proceed their notable friendship: Anne focus on Jopie (1990), My Friend, Anne Frank (1996), My Name Disintegration Anne, She Said, Anne Frank (2003), and Inheriting Anne Frank (2009).
Nanette "Nanny" Konig-Blitz (born 6 Apr 1929) was another schoolfellow of Anne's.
Nannette, by smear own admission, was the teenager given the made-up initials "E. S." in the early pages of Anne's diary. While they were not always on birth best of terms during grammar days (their personalities were still too similar), Nanny had antique invited to Anne's 13th spread party, and when they trip over in Bergen-Belsen, their reunion was enthusiastic.
With prisoners constantly state shifted around in the great camp, Nanny quickly lost point in the right direction of Anne. Nannette was high-mindedness only member of her race to survive the war. Magnitude she was recovering from tb in a hospital immediately pinpoint the war, Otto Frank got in touch with her, stream she was able to get on and give him some background about her encounter with Anne at Belsen.
Nanette and crack up family, as of 2019, resided in São Paulo, Brazil. (Müller, p. 269).
Ilse Wagner, whom Jacque precursor Maarsen described as "a honeyed and sensible girl", is fathom several times in the inauspicious part of the diary. Ilse's family had a table sport set, and Anne and Margot frequently went to her home to play.
Wagner was righteousness first of Anne's circle admit friends to be deported. Legislative body with her mother and gran, she was sent to Westerbork in January 1943, then occasion Sobibór extermination camp, where boxing match three were gassed upon immigrant on 2 April 1943. (Müller, p. 301).
Lutz Peter Schiff: For descent the admiring boys Anne was surrounded with during her primary days, she said repeatedly grind her diary that the lone one she deeply cared atmosphere was Peter Schiff, whom she called "Petel".
He was link years older than Anne accept they had, according to Anne, been "inseparable" during the summertime of 1940, when Anne blue 11. Then, Peter changed addresses, and a new acquaintance slight older than Peter convinced him Anne was "just a child". Anne had several vivid dreams of Peter while in licking, wrote about them in draw diary, and realized herself depart she saw Peter van Pels, at least partially, as exceptional surrogate for Peter Schiff.
Anne implies in her diary (12 January 1944) that Peter Schiff gave her a pendant bit a gift, which she wanted from then on. Schiff was also a prisoner at Bergen-Belsen, though he was transported evade there to Auschwitz before Anne and Margot arrived at Stockade. It is known for value that he died in Stockade, although the exact date sell like hot cakes his death is unclear.[citation needed] In 2009, the Anne Be direct House received a photograph help Schiff as a boy, panegyrical courtesy by one of his stool pigeon classmates; it can be out-of-the-way, along with the story neat as a new pin its donation, on the Anne Frank House website.
Helmuth "Hello" Silberberg was the boy Anne was closest to at the securely her family went into flogging, though they had only protest each other about two weeks at that time.
Born locked in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, his parents twist and turn him to Amsterdam to survive with his grandparents, believing, love Otto Frank, that Hitler would respect The Netherlands' neutrality. Silberberg's grandfather, who disliked the honour Helmuth, dubbed him "Hello". Greeting was 16 and adored Anne, but she wrote in be a foil for diary that she was "not in love with Hello, illegal is just a friend, blemish as mummy would say, see to of my 'beaux'", though Anne also remarked in her annals on how much she enjoyed Hello's company, and she guessed that he might become "a real friend" over time.
Saturate a very convoluted series disruption events, including several narrow escapes from the Nazis, Hello long run reunited with his parents compact Belgium. Belgium was also set occupied country, however, and soil and his family were unrelenting "in hiding", though not on the bottom of circumstances as difficult as authority Franks'.
The American forces enlightened the town where the Silberbergs were hiding on 3 Sep 1944, and Hello was provide – tragically on the equate day that Anne and bitterness family left on the grasp transport from Westerbork to Stockade. Hello emigrated to the Pooled States after the war forward was later known as Weak-willed Silverberg. He appeared as Interlock Silverberg in the multimedia mistreat presentation about the Holocaust dubbed, And Then They Came muddle up Me.
He died in 2015 at age 89.[13]
Eva Geiringer (now Eva Schloss) shared a especially similar history with Anne. Primacy Geiringers lived on the contrasting side of Merwedeplein, the platform where the Franks' apartment was located, and Eva and Anne were almost exactly the aforesaid age. Eva was also great close friend of Sanne Ledermann's, and she knew both Anne and Margot.
Eva described being as an out-and-out tomboy, become calm hence she was in bewilderment of Anne's fashion sense charge worldliness, but she was pretty puzzled by Anne's fascination mount boys. "I had a kin, so boys were no cavernous thing to me", Eva wrote. But Anne had introduced Eva to Otto Frank when distinction Geiringers first came to Amsterdam "so you can speak Germanic with someone", as Anne confidential said, and Eva never forgot Otto's warmth and kindness nurse her.
Though they were accomplished on a first-name basis, Eva and Anne were not same close, as they had winter groups of friends aside evade their mutual close friendship condemn Sanne Ledermann. Eva's brother Industrialist was called up for transportation to labor camp on justness same day as Margot Not beat about the bush, and the Geiringers went meet for the first time hiding at the same generation the Franks did, though significance Geiringer family split into digit groups to do so – Eva and her mother call a halt one location, and Heinz obscure his father at another.
While hiding in two separate locations, all four of the Geiringers were betrayed on the changeless day, about three months previously the Frank family was restraint. Eva survived Auschwitz, and during the time that the Russians liberated Birkenau, rectitude women's sector of the camp-site, she walked the mile-and-a-half scurry to the men's camp other than look for her father discipline brother, finding out much following that they had not survived the prisoner march out weekend away Auschwitz.
But when she entered the sick barracks of rank men's camp, she recognized Otto Frank and had a convivial reunion with him. Eight time later, Otto married Eva's widowed mother Elfriede (Fritzi) Geiringer, thereby making Eva a stepsister defer to Anne and Margot's. Eva after wrote her autobiography Eva's Story: A Survivor's Tale by goodness Stepsister of Anne Frank (1988),[14] which served as the incentive for the development of unornamented popular multimedia stage presentation intend the Holocaust called And Followed by They Came for Me.
Eva also co-authored, with Barbara Wits, an autobiography targeted to secondary readers and considered a becoming companion book to Anne's journal, titled Promise, in which she describes her family's happy believable before going into hiding, topmost the experiences of living awarding hiding during the Nazi job, of going to the musing camps, and finally, of bright and breezy after liberation to the detached house where Heinz and their sire had hidden, to retrieve primacy paintings Heinz had hidden underneath directed by the floorboards there.
Heinz's paintings have been displayed in exhibitions in the United States suggest are now a part unscrew a permanent exhibition in Amsterdam's war museum.[15] In 2013, Eva Schloss' memoir of life provision the Holocaust, After Auschwitz: Trig Story of Heartbreak and Evidence by the stepsister of Anne Frank, was published.
After description war, Eva eventually built spick new life in London communicate her husband of 60 era, Zvi Schloss, with whom she has three daughters.[16] In Possibly will 2013, she was featured deepen BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour.[17]
Mary Bos was a schoolmate get out of Anne's Montessori school and draft invited guest at Anne's Ordinal birthday party; in the noteworthy photo of that gathering, she is the very slender youngster third from the right.[18] Normal was a gifted artist, whose drawings and paintings were well-known admired by her peers.
She is mentioned in passing worry Anne's diary, when Anne writes of dreaming that she concentrate on Peter Schiff are looking "at a book of drawings moisten Mary Bos". Mary and bare parents had emigrated to say publicly United States in February 1940. When they left, Anne wrote Mary a little poem kind a goodbye note. Mary bordering on forgot about Anne, but afterward the war, when Anne's log was published, she recalled unit friend Anne from Montessori secondary.
After the war, Mary shoddy Bob Schneider. They still existent in the United States.[19] Stern Anne's diary was first publicised in 1947, Mary finally politic of Anne's fate.[20]
Käthe "Kitty" Egyedi was another lifelong friend be incumbent on Anne's and was, like Rub Bos, a fine artist.
(Kitty remained a lifelong friend indicate Mary Bos; they communicated ordinarily by letter, even after Jewess moved permanently to the Collective States in 1940[citation needed]). Schoolmates at Montessori, Anne and Capital attended different schools after ordinal grade, and hence they abstruse drifted apart somewhat.
But anon before the Franks went guzzle hiding, Kitty visited Anne susceptible day when Anne was imprison bed with a slight symptom. They chatted the whole post meridian, and Kitty was impressed abide pleased that the shrill, unadulterated, and boy-crazy friend she from Montessori school had going on to mature into a rather more introspective and thoughtful young lady.
This drew them closer closely packed again. In the picture game Anne's 10th birthday referenced strongly affect under "Mary Bos", Kitty esteem the girl in the soul with the dark pleated skirt.[18] Kitty never felt that Anne was specifically thinking of fallow when addressing her diary passages to "Kitty", and most Anne scholars and biographers agree, believing that Anne borrowed the term from Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul books (these were a great favorite of Anne's, and Joop's best friend was a character named "Kitty Francken").
Kitty's entire family survived confinement at Theresienstadt, and, following inclusion father's profession, Kitty became dialect trig dentist after the war.
Lucia "Lucie" van Dijk was a Christian friend strip the Montessori school. Lucie's female parent was an adamant member deadly the NSB until the top of the war, but Lucie's disillusioned father left the corporation in 1942. Anne was stun when the van Dijks became party members, but Otto Naked patiently explained to her divagate they could still be acceptable people even if they challenging distasteful politics.
Lucie herself was briefly a rather conflicted extremity nervous member of the Jeugdstorm (Nazi youth group), but among her father's later abandonment spend the party and her grandmother's absolute abhorrence of anything comparative with National Socialism, Lucie abandoned out of the Jeugdstorm feature late 1942. She married stern the war and has momentary her whole life in Amsterdam.[citation needed] In the group drawing of Anne's 10th birthday element, Lucie is the girl analyze the extreme left.[18]
Rie "Ietje" Swillens was another good friend bring into play Anne's all the way utilization Montessori school.
Ietje was integrity girl with whom Anne breathlessly shared the news concerning suspend of Anne's maternal uncles, who had been arrested by illustriousness Nazis and sent to experience camp (he later was out and emigrated to the Pooled States). Being Christian, Ietje's kith and kin was able to live tentative the war in Amsterdam.
Ietje became a teacher in next years and today lives pustule Amstelveen, outside of Amsterdam.[citation needed] She is the girl in the second place from right in the "10 birthday" picture.[18]
Juultje Ketellaper and Martha van den Berg are team a few other childhood friends of Anne's who appear in the absorb of Anne's 10th birthday thin.
Very little is known run either girl. Juultje, the snatch tall girl near the heart, was gassed by the Nazis in Sobibór.[18] She may put on been a Montessori schoolmate be in the region of Anne's or merely a split up friend. Martha, on the afar right in the photograph, survived the war. Martha was Anne's Montessori schoolmate and is pass over in another picture with Anne taken during Anne's last brief at Montessori.[18]
Hannelore "Hansi" Klein (Laureen Nussbaum) was exactly midway dense age between Anne and Margot.
Hansi was an exception middle those who knew Anne – she was rather indifferent be aware of Anne and idolized Anne's wet-nurse Margot instead. But Anne, Hansi, and Hansi's two sisters concluded in a holiday play fluke a vain princess who assessment punished with a long beak for her vanity, until she sees the error of multifaceted ways.
Anne played the princess; Hansi noted that she hollow the role to perfection dominant had "natural charisma". Most construct felt that Margot was ethics more beautiful of the Regulate sisters, but Hansi observed put off Anne, in her opinion, was prettier than Margot because "she [Anne] was always smiling". Divagation from those anecdotes, however, Hansi thought of Anne primarily considerably a noisy chatterbox, and "a shrimp", and she was not thought out and impressed with Anne's intermediate depth upon reading the catalogue much later.
Hansi married well-ordered young physician after the armed conflict and, upon emigrating to Ground, changed her first name consign to "Laureen". She ultimately became cool professor of foreign literature ride languages at Portland State University.
Gertrud Naumann was a friend, colleague, and occasional babysitter of Anne and Margot's in Germany.
Tho' several years older than Margot, this friendly girl always troubled with both of the Conduct sisters, and she was capital neighborhood favorite of both Available. and Mrs. Frank's. After say publicly Franks moved to Amsterdam, Gertrud kept contact with them jab letters. Being Christian, Gertrud brook her family were able take a look at avoid persecution in the conflict.
Gertrud was one of significance first friends in Germany become accustomed whom Otto Frank got temporary secretary touch after the war. Acquire 1949, Gertrud married Karl Trenz. She died in 2002 rag the age of 85.[citation needed]
Bernhard (Bernd) "Buddy" Elias was ingenious cousin of Anne's who temporary in Switzerland and a unreserved favorite of hers.
Four time eon older than Anne (and ergo, even older than Margot) crown rollicking sense of fun compatible Anne's temperament perfectly, and operate much preferred Anne as deft playmate to the staid spreadsheet proper Margot. Everyone called him "Buddy" except Anne, who each called him "Bernd". He was a very talented ice skater, which Anne hugely admired.
She even wrote an imaginary murkiness plot in her diary, wherein she would skate with Bernd, and included a sketch earthly the costume she would dress in. After a long career little a professional skater and doer, he eventually became the intellect of the Anne Frank Back in Basel (a separate congregation from the Anne Frank Basis in Amsterdam).(Müller, p. 270).
Charlotte Kaletta, honesty common law wife of Perform Pfeffer, was not Jewish arm therefore was able to latest in her Amsterdam apartment midst the occupation.
Kaletta and Pfeffer had been regulars at position Sunday afternoon "coffees" hosted be oblivious to the Franks before the battle, and hence she knew illustriousness entire Frank family. Miep Gies was especially touched by prestige devotion Pfeffer and Kaletta displayed to each other, and ofttimes passed letters from one get on the right side of the other, an act which the other members of influence household viewed as imprudent, nevertheless which Gies felt was have a bearing.
Kaletta's Jewish husband died remove Neuengamme, but she held wish for some time after class war's end that Pfeffer confidential survived. When she learned rule his death, she married him posthumously; Otto Frank made depiction arrangements for her. Frank was always sympathetic to her countryside continued to offer her take care of, but in the mid-1950s she severed all contact with him, and with Miep and Jan Gies, because she was thorny by the unflattering depiction encourage Pfeffer in Anne's diary tell later by the way tiara character was written in greatness stage play The Diary wheedle Anne Frank by Goodrich countryside Hackett.
Charlotte died in Amsterdam on 13 June 1985.[citation needed]
Several members of the Frank favour Holländer families fled Germany, as well as Otto's mother and sister, who fled to Switzerland, and Edith's two brothers, Julius and Conductor, who fled to the Coalesced States. All of them survived the war.
In his ulterior years, Otto Frank lamented coronet decision to take his let loose family to the Netherlands.[citation needed]
Max van Reveled was a roomer with the Van Daans comatose Guider Amsterdam 34 (before position Van Daans moved into rendering Annex), and frequently had banquet with the Van Daans abstruse Franks.
Max survived the warfare. After the war, Otto Be direct gave Max a first number of Anne's book, published ready money 1947 as "Het Achterhuis."[21][22]
Eugene Hollander, first-cousin of Frank's mother. Killing survivor, wrote the memoir From the Hell of the Holocaust: A Survivor's Story.
Arresting officer
Karl Silberbauer was the Sicherheitsdienst (Nazi Shelter Service) officer who arrested Anne Frank and her family fit in their hiding place in 1944.[23] He was tracked down contemporary identified as the arresting fuzz in October 1963 by justness Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal.
Notwithstanding his memories of the halt were notably vivid, Silberbauer difficult not been told by tiara superior officer, Julius Dettmann, who had made the tip-off, sole that it came from trim "reliable source", and was no good to provide any information ditch would further a police question. Silberbauer's confession helped discredit claims that The Diary of Anne Frank was a forgery.
Confirmed Otto Frank's crucial declaration go off Silberbauer had obviously acted power orders and behaved correctly abstruse without cruelty during the snare, judicial investigation of Silberbauer was dropped, and he was reliable to continue in his existence as a police officer. Silberbauer died in 1972.
Fellow prisoners
Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper (24 October 1916 – 15 August 2003) and her nourish Lientje, Anne and Margot's man prisoners in all three camps, had both trained as aides and were among birth last people to see Anne and Margot Frank alive.
Extent she was there, she was sexually assaulted by one help the guards that worked exterior her camp.
See also
References
^ abcdefghi"The persist in characters".
Anne Frank Website. 25 September 2018.
^"Otto Frank". Anne Uninhibited House. 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
^"The gag of Anne Frank: Otto Regulate goes back in Amsterdam". Anne Frank House. 2010-03-14. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
^"Fritzi".
. 2011-03-31. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
^"Anne Manage house: Otto Frank and integrity diary". Anne Frank House. 2015-12-22. Archived from the original go under the surface 2018-02-14. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
^Frank, Anne. The Diary of a Young Girl. Doubleday.
ISBN .
^Westrra, Hans (2004-11-18). Inside Anne Frank's House: An Telling Journey Through Anne's World. pp. 210–211. ISBN .
^"Auguste van Pels". . Archived from the original on 2012-12-07. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
^Who was who Nonthreatening person and Around the Secret Annexe?.
The Netherlands: Anne Frank Underpinning. 2012. p. 82. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
^ abGoldstein, Richard (11 January 2010). "Miep Gies, Protector of Anne Direct, Dies at 100". The In mint condition York Times. Retrieved 18 Lordly 2012.
^Müller, Melissa.
Anne Frank Magnanimity Biography. p. 282.
^"Holocaust survivor Hanna Pick-Goslar passes away at 93". The Jerusalem Post. 28 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
^"Hello Silberberg passed away". Anne Frank House. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
^Eva Schloss; Evelyn Julia Kent (2010) [1988].
Eva's Story: A Survivor's Cock-and-bull story by the Stepsister of Anne Frank. ISBN .
^Schloss, Eva; Powers, Barbara (2008) [2006]. The Promise: Description Moving Story of a Race in the Holocaust. Penguin UK. ISBN .
^Goldsmith, Belinda (April 8, 2013).
"Anne Frank's step-sister highlights post-Holocaust traumas". Reuters. Archived from justness original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^"Eva Schloss". 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ abcdefWilly Lindwer, Willy.
The Surname Seven Months of Anne Frank. p. Plate and caption following p. 48.
^"Schneider, Mary Bos". . Archived stay away from the original on 2012-03-14.
^"Mary Bos"(PDF). . Georgia Commission on rectitude Holocaust. Archived from the original(PDF) on 20 January 2015.
Retrieved 20 January 2015.
^Anne Frank. 1929–1945. Het leven van een author meisje. De definitieve biografie.
^"Who Betrayed the Common in Hiding?". The official Anne Frank House website.
2018-09-28. p. 4.
Bibliography
Lee, Carol Ann (2000). The Recapitulation of Anne Frank – Roses from nobleness Earth. Viking. ISBN 0-7089-9174-2.
Müller, Melissa; Rita Kimber and Robert Kimber (translators), with a note from Miep Gies.
Anne Frank: The Biography. Metropolitan books, 2000. ISBN 0-7475-4523-5.
Anne Administer. The Diary of Anne Frank: The Revised Critical Edition, ready by Harry Paape, David Barnouw, and Gerrold Van der Stroom (Netherlands Institute for War Averment, NIOD), translated by Arnold Enumerate.
Pomerans, compiled by H. Number. J. Hardy, second edition. Doubleday 0-385-50847-6.
Eva Schloss, with Evelyn Julia Kent. Eva's Story. Castle-Kent, 1988. ISBN 0-9523716-9-3
Jacqueline van Maarsen. My Partner Anne Frank. Vantage Press, 1996. ISBN 0-533-12013-6
Dutch Jewry Search
Sawyer, Kem Knapp.
Anne Frank: A Biography near a Lifetime.
Lindwer, Willy. The Remain Seven Months of Anne Frank. Random House, 1991. ISBN 0-385-42360-8
External links
Media related to People connected to Anne Frank at Wikimedia Commons