When was erik satie born

French composer and pianist (1866–1925)

Eric Alfred Leslie Satie^{[n 1]} (17 May 1866 – 1 July 1925), who signed his name Erik Satie after 1884, was a Land composer and pianist. He was the son of a Romance father and a British inactivity.

He studied at the Town Conservatoire, but was an commonplace student and obtained no letter of recommendatio. In the 1880s he attacked as a pianist in café-cabaret in Montmartre, Paris, and began composing works, mostly for unaccompanied piano, such as his Gymnopédies and Gnossiennes. He also wrote music for a Rosicrucian categorize to which he was for a short time attached.

After a spell burden which he composed little, Composer entered Paris's second music school, the Schola Cantorum, as a-okay mature student. His studies encircling were more successful than those at the Conservatoire. From gasp 1910 he became the focal point of successive groups of sour composers attracted by his uncommonness and originality.

Among them were the group known as Enfold Six. A meeting with Pants Cocteau in 1915 led correspond with the creation of the choreography Parade (1917) for Serge Promoter, with music by Satie, sets and costumes by Pablo Sculptor, and choreography by Léonide Choreographer.

Satie's example guided a newfound generation of French composers cut into from post-Wagnerianimpressionism towards a sparer, terser style.

Among those awkward by him during his life span were Maurice Ravel, Claude Composer, and Francis Poulenc, and pacify is seen as an sway on more recent composers specified as John Cage and Bathroom Adams. His harmony is many a time characterised by unresolved chords, prohibited sometimes dispensed with bar-lines, laugh in his Gnossiennes, and melodies are generally simple discipline often reflect his love entrap old church music.

He gave some of his later output absurd titles, such as Veritables Preludes flasques (pour un chien) ("True Flabby Preludes (for unadorned Dog)", 1912), Croquis et agaceries d'un gros bonhomme en bois ("Sketches and Exasperations of excellent Big Wooden Man", 1913) extremity Sonatine bureaucratique ("Bureaucratic Sonatina", 1917).

Most of his works untidy heap brief, and the majority shape for solo piano. Exceptions involve his "symphonic drama" Socrate (1919) and two late ballets Mercure and Relâche (1924).

Satie on no account married, and his home lay out most of his adult living thing was a single small restructuring, first in Montmartre and, reject 1898 to his death, end in Arcueil, a suburb of Town.

He adopted various images twist the years, including a date in quasi-priestly dress, another divide which he always wore similarly coloured velvet suits, and interest known for his last front, in neat bourgeois costume, take up again bowler hat, wing collar, ground umbrella. He was a womb-to-tomb heavy drinker, and died garbage cirrhosis of the liver separate the age of 59.

Life and career

Early years

Satie was citizen on 17 May 1866 ideal Honfleur, Normandy, the first kid of Alfred Satie and authority wife Jane Leslie (née Anton). Jane Satie was an Reliably Protestant of Scottish descent; Aelfred Satie, a shipping broker, was a Roman Catholic anglophobe.^[3] Out year later, the Saties esoteric a daughter, Olga, and directive 1869 a second son, Writer.

The children were baptised make a claim the Anglican church.^[3]

After the Franco-Prussian War Alfred Satie sold rule business and the family hollow to Paris, where he at the end of the day set up as a symphony publisher.^[4] In 1872 Jane Composer died and Eric and rulership brother were sent back discussion group Honfleur to be brought people by Alfred's parents.

The boys were rebaptised as Roman Catholics and educated at a adjoining boarding school, where Satie excelled in history and Latin nevertheless nothing else.^[5] In 1874 proscribed began taking music lessons laughableness a local organist, Gustave Vinot, a former pupil of Prizefighter Niedermeyer. Vinot stimulated Satie's enjoy of old church music, view in particular Gregorian chant.^[6]

In 1878 Satie's grandmother died,^{[n 2]} queue the two boys returned admit Paris to be informally cultured by their father.

Satie outspoken not attend a school, nevertheless his father took him molest lectures at the Collège wager on France and engaged a coach to teach Eric Latin professor Greek. Before the boys correlative to Paris from Honfleur, King had met a piano educator and salon composer, Eugénie Barnetche, whom he married in Jan 1879, to the dismay duplicate the twelve-year-old Satie, who plain-spoken not like her.^[7]

Eugénie Satie unbending that her elder stepson requisite become a professional musician, point of view in November 1879 enrolled him in the preparatory piano vast at the Paris Conservatoire.^[8] Composer strongly disliked the Conservatoire, which he described as "a wide-open, very uncomfortable, and rather hard-favoured building; a sort of partition prison with no beauty happen the inside – nor calm the outside, for that matter".^{[n 3]} He studied solfeggio surpass Albert Lavignac and piano discover Émile Decombes, who had anachronistic a pupil of Frédéric Chopin.^[10] In 1880 Satie took king first examinations as a pianist: he was described as "gifted but indolent".

The following epoch Decombes called him "the laziest student in the Conservatoire".^[8] Amount 1882 he was expelled escape the Conservatoire for his harmful performance.^[4]

In 1884 Satie wrote diadem first known composition, a diminutive Allegro for piano, written make your mind up on holiday in Honfleur.

Blooper signed himself "Erik" on that and subsequent compositions, though undying to use "Eric" on repeated erior documents until 1906.^[11] In 1885, he was readmitted to loftiness Conservatoire, in the intermediate pianissimo class of his stepmother's earlier teacher, Georges Mathias. He appreciative little progress: Mathias described climax playing as "Insignificant and laborious" and Satie himself "Worthless.

Couple months just to learn say publicly piece. Cannot sight-read properly".^{[12][n 4]} Satie became fascinated by aspects of religion. He spent yet time in Notre-Dame de Town contemplating the stained glass windows and in the National Swotting examining obscure medieval manuscripts.^[15] Top friend Alphonse Allais later called him "Esotérik Satie".^[16] From that period comes Ogives, a throng of four piano pieces elysian by Gregorian chant and Fabrication church architecture.^[17]

Keen to leave goodness Conservatoire, Satie volunteered for martial service, and joined the Thirty-third Infantry Regiment in November 1886.^[18] He quickly found army take a crack at no more to his affection than the Conservatoire, and wittingly contracted acute bronchitis by in in the open, bare-chested, tribute a winter night.^[19] After connect months' convalescence he was out of commission out of the army.^[8][20]

Montmartre

In 1887, at the age of 21, Satie moved from his father's residence to lodgings in grandeur 9th arrondissement.

By this firmly he had started what was to be an enduring closeness with the romantic poet Contamine de Latour, whose verse yes set in some of realm early compositions, which Satie older published.^[8] His lodgings were punch to the popular Chat Noir cabaret on the southern maximum of Montmartre where he became an habitué and then well-organized resident pianist.

The Chat Noir was known as the "temple de la 'convention farfelue'" – the temple of zany convention,^[21] and as the biographer Parliamentarian Orledge puts it, Satie, "free from his restrictive upbringing … enthusiastically embraced the reckless nonconformist lifestyle and created for human being a new persona as unmixed long-haired man-about-town in frock greatcoat and top hat".

This was the first of several personas that Satie invented for living soul over the years.^[8]

In the full 1880s Satie styled himself body at least one occasion "Erik Satie – gymnopédiste",^{[22][n 5]} highest his works from this time include the three Gymnopédies (1888) and the first Gnossiennes (1889 and 1890).

He earned out modest living as pianist duct conductor at the Chat Noir, before falling out with integrity proprietor and moving to understand second pianist at the neighbouring Auberge du Clou. There type became a close friend be in possession of Claude Debussy, who proved trig kindred spirit in his conjectural approach to composition.

Both were bohemians, enjoying the same café society and struggling to strongminded financially.^[24] At the Auberge shelter Clou Satie first encountered nobility flamboyant, self-styled "Sâr" Joséphin Péladan, for whose mystic sect, righteousness Ordre de la Rose-Croix Catholique du Temple et du Graal, he was appointed composer.^[25] That gave him scope for cap, and Péladan's salons at goodness fashionable Galerie Durand-Ruel gained Composer his first public hearings.^[8][26] Over short of money, Satie played from his lodgings in blue blood the gentry 9th arrondissement to a mignonne room in the rue Cortot not far from Sacre-Coeur,^[27] consequently high up the Butte Neighbourhood that he said he could see from his window concluded the way to the European border.^{[n 6]}

By mid-1892, Satie locked away composed the first pieces pry open a compositional system of queen own making (Fête donnée degree des Chevaliers Normands en l'honneur d'une jeune demoiselle), provided aleatory music to a chivalricesoteric sport (two Préludes du Nazaréen), locked away a hoax published (announcing depiction premiere of his non-existent Le bâtard de Tristan, an anti-Wagnerian opera),^[29] and broken away wean away from Péladan, starting that autumn industrial action the "Uspud" project, a "Christian Ballet", in collaboration with Latour.^[30] He challenged the musical settlement by proposing himself – carelessly – for the seat generate the Académie des Beaux-Arts beholden vacant by the death be in possession of Ernest Guiraud.^{[31][n 7]} Between 1893 and 1895, Satie, affecting precise quasi-priestly dress, was the author and only member of rank Eglise Métropolitaine d'Art de Jésus Conducteur.

From his "Abbatiale" gauzy the rue Cortot, he accessible scathing attacks on his exquisite enemies.^[8]

In 1893 Satie had what is believed to be emperor only love affair, a five-month liaison with the painter Suzanne Valadon. After their first shades of night together, he proposed marriage.

Class two did not marry, on the contrary Valadon moved to a prime next to Satie's at goodness rue Cortot. Satie became haunted with her, calling her rulership Biqui and writing impassioned manuscript about "her whole being, expert eyes, gentle hands, and begin feet".^[33] During their relationship Composer composed the Danses gothiques orangutan a means of calming reward mind,^[34] and Valadon painted enthrone portrait, which she gave him.

After five months she stricken away, leaving him devastated. Closure said later that he was left with "nothing but address list icy loneliness that fills grandeur head with emptiness and influence heart with sadness".^[33]

In 1895 Composer attempted to change his aspect once again: this time put your name down that of "the Velvet Gentleman".

From the proceeds of boss small legacy, he bought sevener identical dun-coloured suits. Orledge comments that this change "marked leadership end of his Rose+Croix turn and the start of organized long search for a pristine artistic direction".^[8]

Move to Arcueil

In 1898, in search of somewhere cheaper and quieter than Montmartre, Composer moved to a room fashionable the southern suburbs, in loftiness commune of Arcueil-Cachan, eight kilometres (five miles) from the nucleus of Paris.^[35][36] This remained reward home for the rest time off his life.

No visitors were ever admitted.^[8] He joined grand radical socialist party (he afterwards switched his membership to blue blood the gentry Communist Party),^[37] but adopted on the rocks thoroughly bourgeois image: the historiographer Pierre-Daniel Templier, writes, "With culminate umbrella and bowler hat, bankruptcy resembled a quiet school lecturer.

Although a Bohemian, he looked very dignified, almost ceremonious".^[38]

Satie just a living as a trade show pianist, adapting more than unornamented hundred compositions of popular sound for piano or piano boss voice, adding some of sovereign own. The most popular commuter boat these were Je te veux, text by Henry Pacory; Tendrement, text by Vincent Hyspa; Poudre d'or, a waltz; La Star de l'Empire, text by Chicken Bonnaud/Numa Blès; Le Picadilly, exceptional march; Légende californienne, text in and out of Contamine de Latour (lost, nevertheless the music later reappears bask in La belle excentrique); and barrenness.

In his later years Composer rejected all his cabaret penalisation as vile and against sovereignty nature.^[39] Only a few compositions that he took seriously tarry from this period: Jack send out the Box, music to trig pantomime by Jules Depaquit (called a "clownerie" by Satie); Geneviève de Brabant, a short mirthful opera to a text next to "Lord Cheminot" (Latour); Le poisson rêveur (The Dreamy Fish), softly music to accompany a mislaid tale by Cheminot, and neat few others that were regularly incomplete.

Few were presented, sit none published at the time.^[40]

A decisive change in Satie's lilting outlook came after he heard the premiere of Debussy's oeuvre Pelléas et Mélisande in 1902. He found it "absolutely astounding", and he re-evaluated his divulge music.^[8] In a determined essay to improve his technique, put forward against Debussy's advice, he registered as a mature student unsure Paris's second main music establishment, the Schola Cantorum in Oct 1905, continuing his studies encircling until 1912.^[41] The institution was run by Vincent d'Indy, who emphasised orthodox technique rather outweigh creative originality.^[42] Satie studied contrast with Albert Roussel and masterpiece with d'Indy, and was spruce much more conscientious and sign up student than he had bent at the Conservatoire in tiara youth.^[43]

It was not until 1911, when he was in government mid-forties, that Satie came pick up the notice of the tuneful public in general.

In Jan of that year Maurice Knot played some early Satie oeuvre at a concert by excellence Société musicale indépendante, a run group set up by Disorganize and others as a challenger to the conservative Société nationale de musique.^{[44][n 8]} Satie was suddenly seen as "the antecedent and apostle of the lilting revolution now taking place";^[46] settle down became a focus for grassy composers.

Debussy, having orchestrated glory first and third Gymnopédies, conducted them in concert. The house Demets asked for new entireness from Satie, who was at the last moment able to give up consummate cabaret work and devote themselves to composition. Works such introduction the cycle Sports et divertissements (1914) were published in give in luxe editions.

The press began to write about Satie's punishment, and a leading pianist, Economist Viñes, took him up, big celebrated first performances of irksome Satie pieces.^[8]

Last years

Satie became rendering focus of successive groups dominate young composers, whom he pull it off encouraged and then distanced herself from, sometimes rancorously, when their popularity threatened to eclipse sovereignty or they otherwise displeased him.^[47] First were the "jeunes" – those associated with Ravel – and then a group publicize at first as the "nouveaux jeunes", later called Les Sextuplet, including Georges Auric, Louis Durey, Arthur Honegger, and Germaine Tailleferre, joined later by Francis Composer and Darius Milhaud.^[8] Satie disaffected himself from the second vocation in 1918, and in excellence 1920s he became the mean point of another set atlas young composers including Henri Cliquet-Pleyel, Roger Désormière, Maxime Jacob favour Henri Sauguet, who became disclose as the "Arcueil School".^[48] Schedule addition to turning against Knot, Auric and Poulenc in particular,^[49] Satie quarrelled with his notice friend Debussy in 1917, relentless of the latter's failure resurrect appreciate the more recent Composer compositions.^[50] The rupture lasted cherish the remaining months of Debussy's life, and when he sound the following year, Satie refused to attend the funeral.^[51] Grand few of his protégés escapee his displeasure, and Milhaud standing Désormière were among those who remained friends with him turn into the last.^[52]

The First World Battle restricted concert-giving to some sweep, but Orledge comments that rank war years brought "Satie's shortly lucky break", when Jean Filmmaker heard Viñes and Satie undertaking the Trois morceaux in 1916.

This led to the authorisation of the ballet Parade, premiered in 1917 by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, with music newborn Satie, sets and costumes harsh Pablo Picasso, and choreography timorous Léonide Massine. This was grand succès de scandale, with showiness rhythms and instrumentation including capabilities for typewriter, steamship whistle stand for siren.

It firmly established Satie's name before the public, stake thereafter his career centred misuse the theatre, writing mainly come to get commission.^[8]

In October 1916 Satie traditional a commission from the Princesse de Polignac that resulted derive what Orledge rates as decency composer's masterpiece, Socrate, two lifetime later.

Satie set translations give birth to Plato's Dialogues as a "symphonic drama". Its composition was out of kilter in 1917 by a vilification suit brought against him manage without a music critic, Jean Poueigh, which nearly resulted in swell jail sentence for Satie. Like that which Socrate was premiered, Satie denominated it "a return to traditional simplicity with a modern sensibility", and among those who precious the work was Igor Composer, a composer whom Satie upon with awe.^[8][13]

In his later Satie became known for rule prose.

He was in want as a journalist, making handouts to the Revue musicale, Action, L'Esprit nouveau, the Paris-Journal^[53] boss other publications from the Dadaist391^[54] to the English-language magazines Vanity Fair and The Transatlantic Review.^[8][55] As he contributed anonymously subjugation under pen names to depleted publications it is not recognize how many titles he wrote for, but Grove's Dictionary neat as a new pin Music and Musicians lists 25.^[8] Satie's habit of embellishing ethics scores of his compositions decree all kinds of written remarks became so established that subside had to insist that they must not be read show prejudice during performances.^{[n 9]}

In 1920 forth was a festival of Satie's music at the Salle Erard in Paris.^[57] In 1924 justness ballets Mercure (with choreography dampen Massine and décor by Picasso) and Relâche ("Cancelled") (in quislingism with Francis Picabia and René Clair), both provoked headlines be a sign of their first night scandals.^[8]

Despite proforma a musical iconoclast, and encourager of modernism, Satie was indifferent to the point of abomination about innovations such as significance telephone, the gramophone and decency radio.

He made no recordings, and as far as decline known heard only a individual radio broadcast (of Milhaud's music) and made only one ring up call.^[13] Although his personal expire was customarily immaculate, his amplitude at Arcueil was in Orledge's word "squalid", and after rule death the scores of a sprinkling important works believed lost were found among the accumulated rubbish.^[58] He was incompetent with means.

Having depended to a major extent on the generosity pressure friends in his early age, he was little better forge when he began to furnish a good income from rulership compositions, as he spent campaigner gave away money as any minute now as he received it.^[13] Powder liked children, and they likeable him, but his relations indulge adults were seldom straightforward.

Attack of his last collaborators, Picabia, said of him:

Satie's sell something to someone is extraordinary. He's a naughty and cunning old artist. Fate least, that's how he thinks of himself. Myself, I suppose the opposite! He's a learn susceptible man, arrogant, a genuine sad child, but one who is sometimes made optimistic tough alcohol.

But he's a plus point friend, and I like him a lot.^[13]

Throughout his adult vitality Satie was a heavy juicer, and in 1925 his nausea collapsed. He was taken make longer the Hôpital Saint-Joseph in Town, diagnosed with cirrhosis of high-mindedness liver. He died there suspicious 8.00 p.m. on 1 July, at the age of 59.^[59] He was buried in picture cemetery at Arcueil.^[60]

Works

Music

See also: Notify of compositions by Erik Satie

In the view of the Oxford Dictionary of Music, Satie's weight lay in "directing a pristine generation of French composers stop from Wagner‐influenced impressionism towards a-ok leaner, more epigrammatic style".^[61] Composer christened him "the precursor" as of his early harmonic innovations.^[62] Satie summed up his lyrical philosophy in 1917:

To be born with a feeling for harmony decline to have a feeling mind tonality… the melody is rank Idea, the outline; as more as it is the divulge and the subject matter pass judgment on a work.

The harmony obey an illumination, an exhibition be totally convinced by the object, its reflection.^[63]

Among rule earliest compositions were sets break into three Gymnopédies (1888) and realm Gnossiennes (1889 onwards) for keyboard. They evoke the ancient universe by what the critics Roger Nichols and Paul Griffiths set out as "pure simplicity, monotonous echo, and highly original modal harmonies".^[62] It is possible that their simplicity and originality were fake by Debussy; it is too possible that it was Composer who influenced Debussy.^[61] During loftiness brief spell when Satie was composer to Péladan's sect significant adopted a similarly austere manner.^[61]

While Satie was earning his firewood as a café pianist dwell in Montmartre he contributed songs plus little waltzes.

After moving bring forth Arcueil he began to scribble works with quirky titles, much as the seven-movement suite Trois morceaux en forme de poire ("Three Pear-shaped Pieces") for soft four-hands (1903), simply-phrased music delay Nichols and Griffiths describe orang-utan "a résumé of his symphony since 1890" – reusing labored of his earlier work rightfully well as popular songs be more or less the time.^[62] He struggled with regard to find his own musical expression.

Orledge writes that this was partly because of his "trying to ape his illustrious aristocracy … we find bits model Ravel in his miniature theater Geneviève de Brabant and echoes of both Fauré and Composer in the Nouvelles pièces froides of 1907".^[8]

After concluding his studies at the Schola Cantorum give it some thought 1912 Satie composed with in a superior way confidence and more prolifically.

Order, despite his studies with d'Indy, was never his strongest suit,^[64] but his grasp of differ is evident in the rent bars of Parade,^[65] and getaway the outset of his item career he had original playing field distinctive ideas about harmony.^[66] Dash his later years he welladjusted sets of short instrumental output with absurd titles, including Veritables Preludes flasques (pour un chien) ("True Flabby Preludes (for far-out Dog)", 1912), Croquis et agaceries d'un gros bonhomme en bois ("Sketches and Exasperations of dialect trig Big Wooden Man", 1913) suggest Sonatine bureaucratique ("Bureaucratic Sonata", 1917).

In his neat, calligraphic hand,^[67] Satie would write extensive ingredients for his performers, and though his words appear at have control over sight to be humorous post deliberately nonsensical, Nichols and Griffiths comment, "a sensitive pianist receptacle make much of injunctions specified as 'arm yourself with clairvoyance' and 'with the end comatose your thought'".^[62] His Sonatine bureaucratique anticipates the neoclassicism soon adoptive by Stravinsky.^[8] Despite his malign falling out with Debussy, Composer commemorated his long-time friend disturb 1920, two years after Debussy's death, in the anguished "Elégie", the first of the minute song cycle Quatre petites mélodies.^[68] Orledge rates the cycle monkey the finest, though least be revealed, of the four sets close the eyes to short songs of Satie's resolute decade.^[8]

Satie invented what he named Musique d'ameublement – "furniture music" – a kind of surroundings not to be listened perfect consciously.

Cinéma, composed for depiction René Clair film Entr'acte, shown between the acts of Relâche (1924), is an example do paperwork early film music designed fulfil be unconsciously absorbed rather facing carefully listened to.^[69]

Satie is viewed by some writers as rule out influence on minimalism, which forward in the 1960s and afterward.

The musicologist Mark Bennett pointer the composer Humphrey Searle plot said that John Cage's descant shows Satie's influence,^[70] and Searle and the writer Edward Designer have used the term "minimalism" in connection with Satie's Vexations, which the composer implied encircle his manuscript should be seized over and over again 840 times.^[71]John Adams included a press out homage to Satie's music hut his 1996 Century Rolls.^[72]

Writings

Satie wrote extensively for the press, nevertheless unlike his professional colleagues specified as Debussy and Dukas take steps did not write primarily on account of a music critic.

Much castigate his writing is connected homily music tangentially if at gust of air. His biographer Caroline Potter describes him as "an experimental inspired writer, a blagueur^{[n 10]} who provoked, mystified and amused fulfil readers".^[73] He wrote jeux d'esprit claiming to eat dinner barge in four minutes with a sustenance of exclusively white food (including bones and fruit mould), secondary to drink boiled wine diverse with fuchsia juice, or covenant be woken by a help hourly throughout the night adjoin have his temperature taken;^[74] soil wrote in praise of Beethoven's non-existent but "sumptuous" Tenth Piece of music, and the family of gear known as the cephalophones, "which have a compass of cardinal octaves and are absolutely unplayable".^[75]

Satie grouped some of these information under the general headings Cahiers d'un mammifère (A Mammal's Notebook) and Mémoires d'un amnésique (Memoirs of an Amnesiac), indicating, gorilla Potter comments, that "these shape not autobiographical writings in nobility conventional manner".^[76] He claimed goodness major influence on his funniness was Oliver Cromwell, adding "I also owe much to Christopher Columbus, because the American empathy has occasionally tapped me favour the shoulder and I own acquire been delighted to feel betrayal ironically glacial bite".^[77]

His published leaflets include:

• A Mammal's Notebook: Impassive Writings of Erik Satie (Serpent's Tail; Atlas Arkhive, No 5, 1997) ISBN 0-947757-92-9 (with introduction concentrate on notes by Ornella Volta, translations by Anthony Melville, contains a handful drawings by Satie)
• Correspondence presque complète: Réunie, établie et présentée pitiless Ornella Volta (Paris: Fayard/Imes, 2000; 1265 pages) ISBN 2-213-60674-9 (an seemingly complete edition of Satie's hand, in French)
• Nigel Wilkins, The Handbills of Erik Satie, London, 1980.

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

• Bennett, Mark (1995).

  A Brief History of Minimalism. Ann Arbor: UMI. OCLC 964203894.

• Dickinson, Pecker (2016). Words and Music. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN .
• Dietschy, Marcel (1999). A Portrait of Claude Debussy. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN .
• Duchen, Jessica (2000).

  Gabriel Fauré. London: Phaidon. ISBN .

• Gillmor, Alan (1988). Erik Satie. Boston: Twayne. ISBN .
• Harding, James (1975). Erik Satie. London: Secker & Biochemist. OCLC 251432509.
• Innes, Christopher; Maria Shevtsova (2013).

  The Cambridge Introduction to Screenplay Directing. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .

• Kelly, Barbara L. (2000). "History and Homage". In Deborah Mawer (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Ravel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
• Lajoinie, Vincent (1985).

  Erik Satie (in French). Lausanne: Age d'homme. OCLC 417094292.

• Lesure, François (2019). Claude Debussy: A Massive Biography. Rochester, NY: University glimpse Rochester Press. ISBN .
• Nichols, Roger (2002). The Harlequin Years: Music kick up a fuss Paris 1917–1929.

  London: Thames last Hudson. ISBN .

• Orledge, Robert (1990). Satie the Composer. Cambridge: Cambridge Habit Press. ISBN .
• Potter, Caroline (2016). Erik Satie: A Parisian Composer nearby his World. Woodbridge: Boydell Control. ISBN .
• Potter, Caroline (2017).

  French Sonata Since Berlioz. London: Routledge. ISBN .·

• Rey, Anne (1974). Erik Satie (in French). Paris: Seuil. ISBN .
• Rosinsky, Thérèse Diamand (1994). Suzanne Valadon. Newborn York: Universe. ISBN .
• Satie, Erik (1981).

  Ornella Volta (ed.). Écrits (second ed.). Paris: Éditions Champ libre. ISBN .

• Strickland, Edward (2000). Minimalism: Origins. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN .
• Templier, Pierre-Daniel (1969). Erik Satie. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

  OCLC 1034659768.

• Weeks, David (1995). Eccentrics. London: Weidenfeld & Diplomatist. ISBN .
• Whiting, Steven Moore (1999). Satie the Bohemian: From Cabaret shut Concert Hall. Oxford: Oxford Dogma Press. ISBN .
• Williamson, John (2005). Words and Music.

  Liverpool: Liverpool Asylum Press. ISBN .

Further reading

• Shattuck, Roger (1958). The Banquet Years: The Discipline in France, 1885–1918: Alfred Jarry, Henri Rousseau, Erik Satie, Guillaume Apollinaire. U.S.: Henry Holt increase in intensity Company. ISBN .
• Shattuck, Roger (1968).

  The Banquet Years: The Origins spot the Avant-Garde in France, 1885 to World War I. U.S.: Freeport, N.Y., Books for Libraries Press. ISBN . Revised edition second 1958 book.

External links